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NEET MDS General Physiology Flashcards
62 question-and-answer cards covering General Physiology as it is examined in NEET MDS. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the General Physiology deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via releasing/inhibiting hormones through the hypophyseal portal system, and produces ADH and oxytocin that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
Name the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (mnemonic: FLAT PiG).
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce and what are their main effects?
T3 and T4 (raise basal metabolic rate and regulate growth/development) and calcitonin (lowers blood calcium).
What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and their secretions?
Zona glomerulosa → mineralocorticoids (aldosterone); zona fasciculata → glucocorticoids (cortisol); zona reticularis → androgens. (Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline/noradrenaline.)
Which pancreatic islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon, and what are their opposing effects?
Beta cells secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose); alpha cells secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose).
Which hormones regulate the female menstrual cycle and the testes?
FSH and LH from the pituitary; in females they regulate estrogen and progesterone (ovaries); in males LH stimulates testosterone (Leydig cells) and FSH supports spermatogenesis (Sertoli cells).
What is the functional unit of the kidney and its two main parts?
The nephron, consisting of the renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) and the renal tubule (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct).
What are the three basic processes of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
How do ADH and aldosterone regulate fluid and electrolyte balance?
ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts (concentrating urine); aldosterone increases Na+ (and water) reabsorption and K+ secretion in the distal tubule/collecting duct.
What are the body's main mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance?
Chemical buffers (e.g., bicarbonate) act immediately, the respiratory system adjusts CO2 within minutes, and the kidneys excrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate over hours to days.
List the major regions of the GI tract in order.
Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) → large intestine (colon) → rectum → anus.
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion physically breaks food into smaller pieces (chewing, churning, segmentation); chemical digestion uses enzymes to break molecules into absorbable units.
What digestive secretions do the liver and pancreas contribute?
The liver produces bile (emulsifies fats); the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate to neutralize chyme.
Which hormones regulate digestion and what does each do?
Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion; secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate; cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction.
What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
Muscle shortens when actin (thin) filaments slide over myosin (thick) filaments via cross-bridge cycling; the filaments themselves do not shorten, the sarcomere does.
What is the role of calcium and troponin in skeletal muscle contraction?
Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds troponin, moving tropomyosin off actin's binding sites, allowing myosin cross-bridges to form (excitation-contraction coupling).
What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
Osteoblasts build/deposit new bone matrix; osteoclasts resorb (break down) bone, releasing calcium.
How do parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin regulate blood calcium?
PTH raises blood calcium (stimulates bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and vitamin D activation); calcitonin lowers blood calcium (inhibits osteoclasts).
Classify synovial joints by movement, giving an example of a hinge and a ball-and-socket joint.
Hinge joint (uniaxial, e.g., elbow or knee) allows flexion/extension; ball-and-socket joint (multiaxial, e.g., shoulder or hip) allows movement in all planes.
What is the pathway of light through the eye to the photoreceptors, and which cells detect color?
Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina; cones detect color (in bright light) and rods detect dim light/black-and-white.
How is sound transduced into a nerve signal in the ear?
Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane → ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) → oval window → fluid in the cochlea → bends hair cells of the organ of Corti, generating signals via the auditory (cochlear) nerve.
What are the five basic taste modalities?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
How is the sense of smell (olfaction) detected?
Odorant molecules bind receptors on olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium; signals travel via the olfactory nerve (CN I) to the olfactory bulb and brain.
How does the vestibular system maintain equilibrium?
Semicircular canals detect rotational (angular) acceleration, while the utricle and saccule (otolith organs) detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity.
What this deck covers
The General Physiology deck follows the NEET MDS General Physiology syllabus — 10 chapters and 43 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 6.2 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 148 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
General Physiology flashcards FAQ
How many General Physiology flashcards are in this NEET MDS deck?
62 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these NEET MDS flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 62-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the General Physiology cards cover?
They follow the NEET MDS General Physiology syllabus — 10 chapters and 43 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.