How many ATP are produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule?

Approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose (older texts cite 36-38): from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain.

What is the Cori cycle?

The Cori cycle is the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver, converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis, and returned to the muscle.

What is glycogenesis and which enzyme is key, versus glycogenolysis?

Glycogenesis is synthesis of glycogen from glucose; the key enzyme is glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate; the key enzyme is glycogen phosphorylase.

What is the main function of the HMP (pentose phosphate) pathway?

The hexose monophosphate (pentose phosphate) shunt produces NADPH (for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defense) and ribose-5-phosphate (for nucleotide synthesis). It occurs in the cytoplasm.

Name the essential amino acids.

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine (mnemonic PVT TIM HALL). Arginine and histidine are semi-essential (essential in children).

What is transamination and which vitamin/coenzyme is required?

Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and keto acid. It requires pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as coenzyme; key enzymes are AST and ALT.

What is the urea cycle and where does it occur?

The urea cycle (ornithine cycle) converts toxic ammonia into urea for excretion. It occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytoplasm of liver cells. It consumes 3 ATP and produces 1 urea per turn.

Name one inborn error of amino acid metabolism and its enzyme defect.

Phenylketonuria (PKU): deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, causing phenylalanine accumulation and mental retardation. (Others: alkaptonuria - homogentisate oxidase; maple syrup urine disease - branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase.)

What is beta-oxidation of fatty acids and where does it occur?

Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix. Each cycle removes 2 carbons, producing 1 acetyl-CoA, 1 FADH2, and 1 NADH.

What are ketone bodies, and when are they formed?

Ketone bodies are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA. They form during starvation, prolonged fasting, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrate availability is low.

🇮🇳 NEET MDS · flashcards

NEET MDS General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry Flashcards

Q: How many General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry flashcards are in this NEET MDS deck?

53 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.

Q: Are these NEET MDS flashcards free?

Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 53-card deck is free inside the Examius app.

Q: What do the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry cards cover?

They follow the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry portion of the NEET MDS syllabus, in question-and-answer form.

Q: How should I use these flashcards?

Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.

53 question-and-answer cards covering General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry as it is examined in NEET MDS. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.

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24 sample cards from the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

How many ATP are produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule?
Approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose (older texts cite 36-38): from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain.
What is the Cori cycle?
The Cori cycle is the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver, converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis, and returned to the muscle.
What is glycogenesis and which enzyme is key, versus glycogenolysis?
Glycogenesis is synthesis of glycogen from glucose; the key enzyme is glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate; the key enzyme is glycogen phosphorylase.
What is the main function of the HMP (pentose phosphate) pathway?
The hexose monophosphate (pentose phosphate) shunt produces NADPH (for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defense) and ribose-5-phosphate (for nucleotide synthesis). It occurs in the cytoplasm.
Name the essential amino acids.
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine (mnemonic PVT TIM HALL). Arginine and histidine are semi-essential (essential in children).
What is transamination and which vitamin/coenzyme is required?
Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and keto acid. It requires pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as coenzyme; key enzymes are AST and ALT.
What is the urea cycle and where does it occur?
The urea cycle (ornithine cycle) converts toxic ammonia into urea for excretion. It occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytoplasm of liver cells. It consumes 3 ATP and produces 1 urea per turn.
Name one inborn error of amino acid metabolism and its enzyme defect.
Phenylketonuria (PKU): deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, causing phenylalanine accumulation and mental retardation. (Others: alkaptonuria - homogentisate oxidase; maple syrup urine disease - branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase.)
What is beta-oxidation of fatty acids and where does it occur?
Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix. Each cycle removes 2 carbons, producing 1 acetyl-CoA, 1 FADH2, and 1 NADH.
What are ketone bodies, and when are they formed?
Ketone bodies are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA. They form during starvation, prolonged fasting, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrate availability is low.
Differentiate HDL and LDL in terms of function.
LDL (low-density lipoprotein, 'bad cholesterol') transports cholesterol from liver to tissues and is atherogenic. HDL (high-density lipoprotein, 'good cholesterol') performs reverse cholesterol transport, carrying cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Name the lipoproteins in order of increasing density.
Chylomicrons (lowest density) < VLDL < IDL < LDL < HDL (highest density). Higher density corresponds to higher protein and lower lipid content.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) is the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is the target of statin drugs.
Classify vitamins as fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K. Water-soluble: B-complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) and vitamin C.
What is the function of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis?
Active vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, promotes bone mineralization, and increases renal calcium reabsorption. Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
State one classic deficiency disease for vitamins C, B1, B3, and B12.
Vitamin C: scurvy. Vitamin B1 (thiamine): beriberi/Wernicke-Korsakoff. Vitamin B3 (niacin): pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): megaloblastic/pernicious anemia.
What is the inorganic mineral component of tooth enamel and bone?
Hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, a crystalline calcium phosphate. Enamel is ~96% mineral by weight, dentin ~70%, and bone ~65%. Fluoride converts it to fluorapatite, which is more acid-resistant.
What is the role of fluoride in mineralized tissue?
Fluoride replaces hydroxyl groups in hydroxyapatite to form fluorapatite, which is more resistant to acid dissolution, reducing caries. It also promotes remineralization and inhibits bacterial enzymes.
What are the key non-collagenous proteins of dentin and bone matrix?
Dentin: dentin phosphoprotein (phosphophoryn), dentin sialoprotein, dentin matrix protein-1. Bone: osteocalcin (vitamin K-dependent), osteonectin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein. These regulate mineralization.
Describe the structure of collagen and name the most abundant type in dentin and bone.
Collagen is a triple helix of three polypeptide (alpha) chains, rich in glycine (every third residue), proline, and hydroxyproline. Type I collagen is the most abundant in bone, dentin, cementum, and skin.
Which vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and what reaction does it support?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (via prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases) to form hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which stabilize the collagen triple helix. Deficiency causes scurvy.
What are the six classes of enzymes (IUBMB classification)?
Oxidoreductases (redox reactions), Transferases (group transfer), Hydrolases (hydrolysis), Lyases (add/remove groups forming double bonds), Isomerases (rearrangement), and Ligases (join molecules using ATP).
Differentiate competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition.
Competitive: inhibitor resembles substrate and binds the active site; Km increases, Vmax unchanged; reversible by increasing substrate. Non-competitive: inhibitor binds an allosteric site; Vmax decreases, Km unchanged; not reversed by adding substrate.
Classify hormones by chemical nature with one example each.
Peptide/protein hormones (e.g., insulin, growth hormone), steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol, estrogen, testosterone), amino acid derivatives/amines (e.g., thyroxine, epinephrine). Steroid and thyroid hormones act on intracellular receptors; peptides act via cell-surface receptors and second messengers.

What this deck covers

This deck covers the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry portion of the NEET MDS syllabus in question-and-answer form. Browse the full NEET MDS syllabus to see how it fits with the rest.

Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 206 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.

A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.

General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry flashcards FAQ

How many General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry flashcards are in this NEET MDS deck?

53 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.

Are these NEET MDS flashcards free?

Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 53-card deck is free inside the Examius app.

What do the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry cards cover?

They follow the General And Dental Physiology And Biochemistry portion of the NEET MDS syllabus, in question-and-answer form.

How should I use these flashcards?

Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.