NEET MDS Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery, Radiology And Pedodontics Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery, Radiology And Pedodontics deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What does kVp control versus mA in dental radiography?

   kVp (kilovoltage peak) controls the quality/penetrating power (energy) of the X-ray beam and affects contrast. mA (milliamperage) controls the quantity (number) of X-rays produced by regulating the number of electrons; it affects density.

2. What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic radiation effects?

   Deterministic (non-stochastic) effects have a threshold dose and severity increases with dose (e.g., erythema, cataracts, mucositis). Stochastic effects have no threshold and probability (not severity) increases with dose (e.g., carcinogenesis, genetic/heritable mutations).

3. Which cells/tissues are most radiosensitive according to the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau?

   Cells are most radiosensitive when they are rapidly dividing (high mitotic activity), undifferentiated, and have a long mitotic future. Examples: bone marrow, gonads, lymphocytes, intestinal crypt cells. Nerve and muscle cells are most radioresistant.

4. What is the bisecting angle technique and its governing rule?

   An intraoral periapical technique where the central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis of the tooth and the plane of the film/sensor (based on Cieszynski's rule of isometry). It is prone to dimensional distortion.

5. What is the paralleling technique and why is it preferred over bisecting angle?

   The film/sensor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth and the central ray is directed perpendicular to both. It requires a beam-aiming device and longer cone (increased focal-film distance), producing the most accurate, least distorted image with minimal magnification.

6. What is the SLOB rule (Clark's rule / tube-shift) used for?

   To localize an object buccolingually using two radiographs taken at different horizontal angles. SLOB = 'Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal': if the object moves in the same direction as the X-ray tube/cone shift, it is lingual; if it moves opposite, it is buccal.

7. Name common extraoral radiographic projections and their primary uses.

   Panoramic (OPG): broad survey of jaws/teeth. Lateral cephalogram: orthodontic/skeletal analysis. PA mandible: angle/ramus/body fractures. Reverse Towne's: condylar fractures. Water's (occipitomental) view: maxillary sinuses and midface/orbital fractures. Submentovertex: zygomatic arch and skull base.

8. What is the difference between CBCT and conventional CT in dental imaging?

   CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) uses a cone-shaped beam and a 2D detector with a single rotation, giving high-resolution 3D imaging of hard tissues at lower radiation dose and cost than medical CT. Medical CT uses a fan beam, gives better soft-tissue contrast, but higher dose.

9. Which advanced imaging modality is best for soft tissue and TMJ disc evaluation, and which for salivary glands?

   MRI is best for soft tissues, including TMJ articular disc position and intracranial extension. Sialography (or MR sialography) is used for salivary gland ductal evaluation; ultrasound and scintigraphy are also used for glands.

10. On a radiograph, how do you differentiate a radicular (periapical) cyst from a periapical granuloma?

    Both appear as periapical radiolucencies on a non-vital tooth. A radicular cyst is usually larger (>1 cm), well-defined with a corticated (radiopaque) border; a granuloma is typically smaller (<1 cm) with a less well-defined border. Definitive differentiation requires histology.

11. What is the classic radiographic appearance of an ameloblastoma?

    A multilocular radiolucency with a 'soap-bubble' or 'honeycomb' appearance, often associated with the posterior mandible/ramus, causing cortical expansion and root resorption (knife-edge). Frequently associated with an impacted third molar.

12. What radiographic features distinguish a dentigerous cyst from an odontogenic keratocyst (OKC)?

    Dentigerous cyst: unilocular radiolucency attached at the CEJ of an unerupted tooth crown. OKC (now odontogenic keratocystic tumor in older terms): often multilocular, grows along the bone with minimal expansion, high recurrence, and is associated with Gorlin (basal cell nevus) syndrome.

13. Name the behavior management technique 'Tell-Show-Do' and its purpose.

    A communicative behavior-shaping technique (Addelston): the dentist TELLS the child what will be done in age-appropriate language, SHOWS the procedure/instrument, then DOES it exactly as described. It reduces anxiety by familiarization.

14. What is the Frankl behavior rating scale?

    A scale rating a child's behavior in the dental setting: Rating 1 = Definitely negative, 2 = Negative, 3 = Positive, 4 = Definitely positive. It is the most widely used classification for assessing and recording child cooperation.

15. What are voice control and HOME (hand-over-mouth) techniques in pediatric behavior management?

    Voice control is a controlled alteration of voice volume/tone to direct behavior and gain attention. HOME (hand-over-mouth exercise) was an aversive technique to gain attention from hysterical children, but it is now largely abandoned/contraindicated due to ethical concerns and requires informed consent.

16. Define indirect pulp capping and direct pulp capping in primary teeth.

    Indirect pulp cap: a thin layer of caries is left over a near-exposure and a biocompatible material (e.g., calcium hydroxide or MTA) is placed to stimulate reparative dentin, avoiding exposure. Direct pulp cap: material is placed directly on a small mechanical (not carious) pulp exposure; it has a poorer prognosis in primary teeth.

17. What is a pulpotomy and the classic medicament used in primary teeth?

    Pulpotomy is the removal of the coronal pulp while leaving the vital radicular pulp, indicated for carious exposure of a vital primary tooth without radicular pathology. Formocresol (Buckley's) is the classic medicament; MTA and ferric sulfate are now preferred alternatives.

18. What is a pulpectomy in primary teeth and which obturating materials are used?

    Pulpectomy is complete removal of coronal and radicular pulp followed by canal obturation, indicated for non-vital/irreversibly inflamed primary teeth. Obturation uses RESORBABLE materials such as zinc oxide eugenol, iodoform pastes (KRI), or calcium hydroxide-iodoform (Vitapex/Metapex), so they resorb with the root.

19. Why is formocresol controversial and what is the difference between vital and non-vital (mortal) pulpotomy?

    Formocresol is controversial due to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic and cytotoxic concerns from formaldehyde. Vital pulpotomy preserves radicular pulp vitality (single visit); non-vital/mortal pulpotomy (devitalization) is a multi-visit technique using a devitalizing paste, now rarely used.

20. What is the topical fluoride concentration commonly used, and how does fluoride prevent caries?

    Common professional topical agents: APF gel 1.23%, 2% NaF, 8% SnF2, and 5% NaF varnish. Fluoride works by forming fluorapatite (more acid-resistant), promoting remineralization, and inhibiting bacterial enzymes (enolase)—the topical (post-eruptive) effect is most important.

21. What are pit and fissure sealants, and which surfaces/teeth benefit most?

    Resin or glass-ionomer materials placed in the pits and fissures of caries-susceptible teeth to provide a physical barrier against bacteria/food. Most beneficial on the occlusal surfaces of newly erupted permanent molars (especially first permanent molars).

22. What is a space maintainer and name common types.

    An appliance that preserves the space created by premature loss of a primary tooth to prevent mesial drift and ensure eruption of the permanent successor. Types: band-and-loop, crown-and-loop (unilateral fixed); lingual arch and Nance palatal arch (bilateral); distal shoe (guides unerupted first permanent molar); and removable partial dentures.

23. What is the Ellis/Ellis-Davey classification of traumatic dental injuries?

    Class I: enamel fracture only. Class II: enamel + dentin (no pulp). Class III: enamel + dentin + pulp exposure. Class IV: non-vital tooth with/without crown loss. Class V: avulsion (tooth lost). Class VI: root fracture. Class VII: displacement (luxation). Class VIII: complete crown fracture. Class IX: primary tooth injuries.

24. What is the emergency management of an avulsed permanent tooth?

    Replant immediately if possible. If not, store in a physiologic medium—Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (best), cold milk, saliva, or saline (NOT water). Hold by the crown, do not scrub the root (preserve PDL cells). Replant within 30-60 minutes for best prognosis, splint, and start root canal treatment as needed. Avulsed PRIMARY teeth are NOT replanted.

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