NEET MDS Prosthodontics, Orthodontics And Periodontology Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Prosthodontics, Orthodontics And Periodontology deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What is the most commonly used material for dental implant fixtures and why?

   Commercially pure titanium (or titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V) because of its biocompatibility and a passive titanium-oxide layer that promotes osseointegration.

2. What is the difference between primary and secondary implant stability?

   Primary stability is the mechanical engagement of the implant with bone at placement; secondary stability is the biological stability achieved through osseointegration (new bone formation) over the healing period.

3. What is the recommended minimum distance between two adjacent implants and between an implant and an adjacent natural tooth?

   At least 3 mm between two adjacent implants and at least 1.5–2 mm between an implant and an adjacent natural tooth, to preserve crestal bone.

4. Define peri-implantitis and distinguish it from peri-implant mucositis.

   Peri-implant mucositis is reversible inflammation of soft tissue around an implant WITHOUT bone loss. Peri-implantitis is inflammation WITH progressive supporting bone loss (and usually bleeding/suppuration on probing).

5. What is Bennett movement in occlusion?

   The bodily lateral movement (side shift) of the mandible toward the working side during a lateral excursion; the working-side condyle is the rotating condyle, and the non-working (balancing) side condyle moves the Bennett angle path.

6. Define 'freeway space' (interocclusal rest space).

   The space between the occluding surfaces of the upper and lower teeth when the mandible is in the physiologic rest position; normally about 2–4 mm. It equals Vertical Dimension at Rest minus Occlusal Vertical Dimension.

7. What is mutually protected (canine-protected) occlusion?

   An occlusal scheme where in centric the posterior teeth bear the load and protect the anterior teeth, while in eccentric movements the anterior teeth (especially canines) disclude the posteriors, protecting them from lateral forces.

8. Order the stages of physiologic tooth movement during growth and development (eruption sequence concept).

   Pre-eruptive phase, eruptive (prefunctional then functional) phase, and post-eruptive phase. The pre-eruptive phase positions the tooth germ; eruptive phase moves the tooth toward occlusion; post-eruptive maintains position as jaws grow and teeth wear.

9. What are the three main theories of bone/condylar growth control relevant to orthodontics?

   1) Genetic/Sicher's sutural theory, 2) Scott's cartilaginous (nasal septum/condylar cartilage) theory, and 3) Moss's Functional Matrix theory (growth of soft tissues/function determines skeletal growth).

10. Define Angle's Classification of malocclusion (Class I, II, III).

    Based on the first permanent molar relationship: Class I = mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar occludes in the buccal groove of mandibular first molar (normal molar relation). Class II = mandibular molar distal to Class I. Class III = mandibular molar mesial to Class I.

11. Differentiate Angle's Class II Division 1 from Division 2.

    Division 1: Class II molar relation with proclined (labially inclined) maxillary incisors and increased overjet. Division 2: Class II molar relation with retroclined (lingually inclined) maxillary central incisors, often deep bite.

12. What is the normal value for overjet and overbite in the permanent dentition?

    Normal overjet (horizontal overlap) is about 2–3 mm; normal overbite (vertical overlap) is about 2–3 mm or roughly one-third of the lower incisor crown height (about 30%).

13. What does the ANB angle indicate in cephalometric analysis, and what is its normal range?

    ANB indicates the anteroposterior skeletal relationship between the maxilla (A point) and mandible (B point) relative to nasion. Normal is about 2 degrees (range ~0–4°); increased ANB suggests skeletal Class II, decreased/negative suggests Class III.

14. What is the SNA and SNB angle, and what are their normal values?

    SNA (~82°) measures the anteroposterior position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base; SNB (~80°) measures the position of the mandible relative to the cranial base.

15. Compare fixed versus removable orthodontic appliances in terms of tooth movement.

    Fixed appliances (brackets/bands) can produce bodily movement, rotation, torque, and complex multi-tooth movements with continuous force. Removable appliances primarily produce tipping movements and are patient-compliance dependent.

16. What is the optimal orthodontic force concept, and what happens with excessive force?

    Light, continuous forces produce frontal (direct) resorption and efficient tooth movement. Excessive force causes hyalinization (cell-free zone) and undermining resorption, delaying movement and risking root resorption.

17. Define interceptive orthodontics and give an example.

    Interceptive orthodontics is treatment to eliminate or reduce the severity of a developing malocclusion. Examples: space maintainers after early tooth loss, habit-breaking appliances for thumb sucking, serial extraction.

18. What is a space maintainer and name a common fixed unilateral type?

    A space maintainer preserves the space of a prematurely lost primary tooth for the succedaneous permanent tooth. A common fixed unilateral type is the band-and-loop space maintainer.

19. Describe the histological components of the normal periodontium.

    The periodontium comprises the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum, and alveolar bone. The PDL connects cementum to bone via principal collagen fiber groups (Sharpey's fibers).

20. What is the normal width of the biologic width (supracrestal tissue attachment)?

    Approximately 2.04 mm total: about 0.97 mm of connective tissue attachment plus about 1.07 mm of junctional epithelium (supracrestal, above the alveolar crest); often quoted as ~2 mm.

21. What is the primary etiologic factor of periodontal disease, and name a key red-complex pathogen.

    Dental plaque biofilm (microbial) is the primary etiologic factor. Key red-complex pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis.

22. According to the 2017 World Workshop classification, how is periodontitis staged and graded?

    Staging (I–IV) reflects severity/complexity (based on clinical attachment loss, bone loss, tooth loss). Grading (A, B, C) reflects rate of progression and risk factors (e.g., smoking, diabetes). It replaced the older chronic/aggressive terminology.

23. What is the gold-standard non-surgical periodontal therapy procedure, and what does it remove?

    Scaling and root planing (SRP), which mechanically removes supragingival and subgingival plaque, calculus, and contaminated cementum/biofilm from the root surface to allow tissue healing and reduce probing depths.

24. Differentiate a resective from a regenerative periodontal surgery, with an example of each.

    Resective surgery removes/reshapes tissue to eliminate pockets (e.g., gingivectomy, apically positioned flap, osseous resection). Regenerative surgery aims to restore lost periodontal structures (e.g., guided tissue regeneration with membranes, bone grafts, enamel matrix derivative).

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