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NEET MDS General Pathology Syllabus

Every chapter and topic of General Pathology examined in NEET MDS — 19 chapters, 72 topics and 173 sub-topics, plus 86 flashcards written against it.

19Chapters
72Topics
173Sub-topics
~90hEst. first pass
12%Of NEET MDS
86Flashcards

General Pathology syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for General Pathology in NEET MDS, not a summary of it.

  1. Cell Injury and Adaptation

     4 topics
    • Cell Injury
      • Types of Cell Injury
      • Mechanisms of Cell Injury
      • Reversible and Irreversible Injury
      • Cell Death: Necrosis and Apoptosis
    • Cellular Adaptations
      • Hypertrophy
      • Hyperplasia
      • Atrophy
      • Metaplasia
    • Intracellular Accumulations
      • Lipids
      • Proteins
      • Glycogen
      • Pigments
    • Pathologic Calcification
      • Dystrophic Calcification
      • Metastatic Calcification

  2. Inflammation and Repair

     3 topics
    • Acute Inflammation
      • Vascular Changes
      • Cellular Events
      • Chemical Mediators
    • Chronic Inflammation
      • Causes
      • Cellular Components
      • Granulomatous Inflammation
    • Tissue Repair
      • Regeneration
      • Healing by Connective Tissue
      • Factors Affecting Healing

  3. Hemodynamic Disorders

     5 topics
    • Edema
      • Pathophysiology
      • Types of Edema
    • Hemorrhage
      • Causes
      • Clinical Significance
    • Thrombosis
      • Pathogenesis
      • Fate of Thrombus
    • Embolism
      • Types of Emboli
      • Clinical Consequences
    • Shock
      • Types of Shock
      • Pathophysiology
      • Clinical Features

  4. Genetic Disorders

     4 topics
    • Mendelian Disorders
      • Autosomal Dominant Disorders
      • Autosomal Recessive Disorders
      • X-linked Disorders
    • Chromosomal Disorders
      • Numerical Abnormalities
      • Structural Abnormalities
    • Multifactorial Disorders
      • Examples and Mechanisms
    • Molecular Basis of Genetic Diseases
      • Mutations
      • Epigenetics

  5. Neoplasia

     6 topics
    • Fundamentals of Neoplasia
      • Definitions and Nomenclature
      • Benign vs Malignant Tumors
    • Molecular Basis of Cancer
      • Genetic Changes in Cancer
      • Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
    • Tumor-Host Interactions
      • Local and Systemic Effects
      • Paraneoplastic Syndromes
    • Carcinogenesis
      • Chemical Carcinogenesis
      • Radiation Carcinogenesis
      • Microbial Carcinogenesis
    • Tumor Progression and Metastasis
      • Invasion and Metastasis
      • Angiogenesis
    • Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia
      • Diagnosis
      • Grading and Staging
      • Treatment

  6. Environmental and Nutritional Pathology

     2 topics
    • Environmental Diseases
      • Toxicology
      • Chemical Injuries
      • Physical Injuries
    • Nutritional Diseases
      • Malnutrition
      • Vitamin Deficiencies
      • Obesity

  7. Infectious Diseases

     5 topics
    • General Principles of Microbial Pathogenesis
      • Host-Pathogen Interactions
      • Mechanisms of Microbial Injury
    • Bacterial Infections
      • Pathogenesis and Examples
    • Viral Infections
      • Pathogenesis and Examples
    • Fungal Infections
      • Pathogenesis and Examples
    • Parasitic Infections
      • Pathogenesis and Examples

  8. Immunopathology

     5 topics
    • Basics of the Immune System
      • Innate Immunity
      • Adaptive Immunity
    • Hypersensitivity Reactions
      • Type I Hypersensitivity
      • Type II Hypersensitivity
      • Type III Hypersensitivity
      • Type IV Hypersensitivity
    • Autoimmune Diseases
      • Mechanisms
      • Examples
    • Immunodeficiency Diseases
      • Primary Immunodeficiencies
      • Secondary Immunodeficiencies
    • Amyloidosis
      • Pathogenesis
      • Classification
      • Clinical Features

  9. Blood Vessels

     1 topic
    • Vascular Disorders
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Hypertension
      • Aneurysms
      • Vasculitis

  10. Heart

     4 topics
    • Ischemic Heart Disease
      • Pathogenesis
      • Clinical Syndromes
    • Hypertensive Heart Disease
      • Left-sided Hypertensive Heart Disease
      • Right-sided Hypertensive Heart Disease
    • Valvular Heart Disease
      • Rheumatic Heart Disease
      • Infective Endocarditis
      • Non-infective Endocarditis
    • Myocardial Diseases
      • Cardiomyopathies
      • Myocarditis

  11. Respiratory System

     4 topics
    • Obstructive Lung Diseases
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
      • Asthma
      • Bronchiectasis
    • Restrictive Lung Diseases
      • Interstitial Lung Diseases
      • Pneumoconiosis
    • Pulmonary Infections
      • Pneumonia
      • Tuberculosis
      • Fungal Infections
    • Lung Tumors
      • Primary Lung Cancer
      • Metastatic Tumors

  12. Gastrointestinal Tract

     6 topics
    • Esophagus
      • Esophagitis
      • Barrett's Esophagus
      • Esophageal Cancer
    • Stomach
      • Gastritis
      • Peptic Ulcer Disease
      • Gastric Cancer
    • Intestines
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      • Infectious Enterocolitis
      • Colorectal Cancer
    • Liver
      • Hepatitis
      • Cirrhosis
      • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    • Gallbladder and Biliary Tract
      • Cholelithiasis
      • Cholecystitis
      • Gallbladder Cancer
    • Pancreas
      • Pancreatitis
      • Pancreatic Cancer

  13. Urinary Tract

     2 topics
    • Kidneys
      • Glomerular Diseases
      • Tubulointerstitial Diseases
      • Renal Tumors
    • Ureters and Bladder
      • Urolithiasis
      • Bladder Cancer

  14. Reproductive System

     3 topics
    • Male Reproductive System
      • Prostate Diseases
      • Testicular Tumors
    • Female Reproductive System
      • Cervical Diseases
      • Endometrial Diseases
      • Ovarian Tumors
    • Breast
      • Benign Breast Diseases
      • Breast Cancer

  15. Endocrine System

     5 topics
    • Pituitary Gland
      • Hyperpituitarism
      • Hypopituitarism
    • Thyroid Gland
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • Hypothyroidism
      • Thyroid Tumors
    • Parathyroid Gland
      • Hyperparathyroidism
      • Hypoparathyroidism
    • Adrenal Gland
      • Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
      • Adrenocortical Hypofunction
      • Adrenal Tumors
    • Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
      • Insulinomas
      • Gastrinomas

  16. Nervous System

     4 topics
    • Cerebrovascular Diseases
      • Stroke
      • Aneurysms
    • Infections of the CNS
      • Meningitis
      • Encephalitis
    • Neurodegenerative Diseases
      • Alzheimer's Disease
      • Parkinson's Disease
      • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    • CNS Tumors
      • Gliomas
      • Meningiomas

  17. Musculoskeletal System

     3 topics
    • Bone Diseases
      • Osteoporosis
      • Osteomyelitis
      • Bone Tumors
    • Joint Diseases
      • Osteoarthritis
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis
      • Gout
    • Muscle Diseases
      • Muscular Dystrophies
      • Myopathies

  18. Skin

     3 topics
    • Inflammatory Skin Diseases
      • Eczema
      • Psoriasis
      • Acne
    • Blistering Diseases
      • Pemphigus
      • Bullous Pemphigoid
    • Skin Tumors
      • Benign Tumors
      • Malignant Tumors

  19. Pediatric Diseases

     3 topics
    • Congenital Anomalies
      • Types and Examples
    • Perinatal Infections
      • TORCH Infections
    • Pediatric Tumors
      • Neuroblastoma
      • Wilms Tumor

General Pathology flashcards for NEET MDS

21 of 86 cards from the General Pathology deck — real questions with worked answers.

  1. What is the most common cause of cell injury, and which intracellular process is most sensitive to it?

    Hypoxia/ischemia is the most common cause. Oxidative phosphorylation (ATP generation by mitochondria) is the most sensitive process, leading to ATP depletion.

  2. What are the two key morphologic features that distinguish irreversible from reversible cell injury?

    Severe mitochondrial dysfunction (vacuolation) and profound plasma membrane damage, plus nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis). Reversible injury shows cell swelling and fatty change only.

  3. List the four main types of cellular adaptation to stress.

    Hyperplasia (increase in cell number), hypertrophy (increase in cell size), atrophy (decrease in size/number), and metaplasia (change of one differentiated cell type to another).

  4. What is the classic example of metaplasia in a smoker's respiratory tract, and why is it significant?

    Ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. It is significant because persistent metaplasia can be a precursor to dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.

  5. Name the most common types of intracellular accumulations and one example of each.

    Lipid (fatty change/steatosis in liver), protein (Russell bodies, Mallory hyaline), glycogen (diabetes), and pigments (lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin).

  6. What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

    Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged/necrotic tissue with normal serum calcium. Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissue secondary to hypercalcemia.

  7. What are the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation and their Latin terms?

    Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).

  8. What are the sequential steps of leukocyte extravasation in acute inflammation?

    Margination and rolling (selectins), firm adhesion (integrins/ICAM-1), transmigration/diapedesis (PECAM-1/CD31), and chemotaxis toward the stimulus.

  9. Which chemical mediators are primarily responsible for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?

    Vasodilation: histamine, prostaglandins, NO. Increased permeability: histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes C4/D4/E4, and C3a/C5a.

  10. What is the predominant inflammatory cell in chronic inflammation, and what cytokines drive granuloma formation?

    Macrophages predominate (with lymphocytes and plasma cells). IFN-gamma (from Th1 cells) and TNF drive granuloma formation.

  11. What is the difference between a caseating and a non-caseating granuloma, giving one example of each?

    Caseating granulomas have central necrosis (tuberculosis). Non-caseating granulomas lack central necrosis (sarcoidosis, Crohn disease).

  12. What are the three components of tissue repair by connective tissue (scarring)?

    Angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), migration/proliferation of fibroblasts with collagen deposition (granulation tissue), and maturation/remodeling of the fibrous tissue.

  13. Distinguish healing by first intention from second intention.

    First intention: clean, approximated wound edges with minimal tissue loss and small scar. Second intention: large tissue defect with abundant granulation tissue, wound contraction, and a larger scar.

  14. What is the difference between transudate and exudate in edema?

    Transudate is low-protein, low specific gravity (<1.012) fluid from hydrostatic/oncotic imbalance. Exudate is protein-rich, high specific gravity (>1.020) fluid from increased vascular permeability (inflammation).

  15. Define hematoma, petechiae, purpura, and ecchymosis by size.

    Petechiae: 1-2 mm hemorrhages. Purpura: 3-9 mm (>=3 mm). Ecchymosis: >1-2 cm (bruise). Hematoma: a localized collection of blood within tissue.

  16. What are the three components of Virchow triad for thrombosis?

    Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow (stasis or turbulence), and hypercoagulability.

  17. What are lines of Zahn and what do they indicate?

    Alternating pale (platelet/fibrin) and dark (red cell) layers seen in thrombi. They indicate a thrombus formed in flowing blood (ante-mortem), distinguishing it from post-mortem clots.

  18. What is the most common source and most common site of pulmonary thromboembolism?

    Most emboli arise from deep veins of the lower extremities (popliteal and above). They lodge in the pulmonary arteries; large saddle emboli at the bifurcation can be fatal.

  19. Name the major types of embolism other than thromboembolism.

    Fat embolism (long bone fractures), air/gas embolism (decompression sickness), amniotic fluid embolism, and atheroembolism (cholesterol crystals).

  20. What are the three major categories of shock?

    Hypovolemic (blood/fluid loss), cardiogenic (pump failure, e.g., MI), and distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) shock.

  21. What are the three progressive stages of shock?

    Nonprogressive (compensated, reflex mechanisms maintain perfusion), progressive (tissue hypoperfusion, metabolic acidosis), and irreversible (organ damage incompatible with survival).

See more General Pathology flashcards →

Planning General Pathology for NEET MDS

General Pathology is about 12% of the NEET MDS syllabus by topic count — 72 of 606 topics, spread over 19 chapters. At roughly 45 minutes per topic plus 12 minutes per sub-topic, a first pass runs to about 90 hours.

The heaviest chapters are Neoplasia (6 topics), Gastrointestinal Tract (6 topics), Hemodynamic Disorders (5 topics) . Front-load those while your energy is high; the short chapters are better revision filler later.

Work top-down: read the chapter, then tick topics off individually rather than marking the whole chapter done. Sub-topics are where silent gaps hide.

General Pathology (NEET MDS) FAQ

What is in the NEET MDS General Pathology syllabus?

General Pathology is split into 19 chapters — Cell Injury and Adaptation, Inflammation and Repair, Hemodynamic Disorders, Genetic Disorders, Neoplasia and Environmental and Nutritional Pathology, and 13 more, containing 72 topics and 173 sub-topics in total.

How is General Pathology structured in the NEET MDS syllabus?

19 chapters. General Pathology accounts for about 12% of the topics in the whole NEET MDS syllabus (72 of 606).

How long should I spend on General Pathology for NEET MDS?

Budget around 90 hours for a first pass through General Pathology — about 45 minutes per topic plus 12 minutes per sub-topic across its 72 topics. Add revision cycles on top.

Are there flashcards for NEET MDS General Pathology?

Yes — a 86-card General Pathology deck. Sample cards are printed on this page, and the full deck is free in the Examius app with spaced repetition scheduling.