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INI CET Anatomy Flashcards
53 question-and-answer cards covering Anatomy as it is examined in INI CET. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Anatomy deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is a joint (articulation)?
A joint is the site where two or more bones (or bone and cartilage) meet; it provides connection and may allow varying degrees of movement.
How are joints classified structurally and functionally?
Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Functionally: synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable).
Give examples of fibrous and cartilaginous joints.
Fibrous: sutures of the skull (synarthrosis), syndesmoses (e.g., distal tibiofibular), gomphoses (teeth in sockets). Cartilaginous: synchondroses (epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage) and symphyses (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).
What are the defining structural features of a synovial joint?
A fluid-filled joint cavity, articular (hyaline) cartilage on bone ends, an articular capsule (fibrous outer layer plus synovial membrane), synovial fluid for lubrication, and reinforcing ligaments; many have bursae or menisci.
What is the function of synovial fluid?
It lubricates and reduces friction between articular cartilages, absorbs shock, and nourishes the avascular articular cartilage.
Name the six types of synovial joints with an example of each.
Plane/gliding (intercarpal), hinge (elbow), pivot (atlantoaxial), condyloid/ellipsoid (radiocarpal/wrist), saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb), and ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder).
Which synovial joint type allows the greatest range of motion, and which is uniaxial?
Ball-and-socket joints (multiaxial) allow the greatest range of motion; hinge and pivot joints are uniaxial (movement around one axis).
What are the three connective tissue layers organizing a skeletal muscle from outer to inner?
Epimysium (surrounds the whole muscle), perimysium (surrounds fascicles/bundles of fibers), and endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibers).
Define the origin and insertion of a skeletal muscle.
The origin is the muscle's attachment to the more stationary (usually proximal) bone; the insertion is the attachment to the more movable (usually distal) bone that moves toward the origin on contraction.
What is meant by muscle architecture (fascicle arrangement)? Give examples.
It describes the orientation of fascicles relative to the tendon. Types include parallel (sartorius), fusiform (biceps brachii), pennate — unipennate, bipennate, multipennate (deltoid), convergent (pectoralis major), and circular/sphincter (orbicularis oris).
What is the functional/structural unit of a skeletal muscle fiber, and what defines its boundaries?
The sarcomere, the contractile unit, extends from one Z-line (Z-disc) to the next. It contains thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments and produces the striated banding pattern.
Identify the bands and lines of a sarcomere.
A-band (dark, full length of thick filaments), I-band (light, thin filaments only, bisected by the Z-line), H-zone (thick filaments only, center), M-line (center of H-zone), and Z-line/disc (boundary of sarcomere).
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system, and what comprises each?
Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
What are the major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum (two hemispheres with lobes), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata), and cerebellum.
Name the four lobes of the cerebrum and a key function of each.
Frontal (voluntary motor control, planning, personality), parietal (somatosensory processing), temporal (hearing, memory), and occipital (vision).
How many ventricles does the brain have, and what are they?
Four: two lateral ventricles (in the cerebral hemispheres), the third ventricle (in the diencephalon), and the fourth ventricle (between brainstem and cerebellum).
Trace the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from production to absorption.
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles → through the interventricular foramina (of Monro) to the third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) → fourth ventricle → exits via the foramina of Luschka and Magendie into the subarachnoid space → absorbed into venous blood by arachnoid granulations.
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
It cushions/protects the brain and spinal cord, provides buoyancy to reduce brain weight, removes metabolic waste, and helps maintain a stable chemical environment.
Describe key features of the spinal cord (extent and enlargements).
It extends from the foramen magnum to about the L1–L2 vertebral level, ending as the conus medullaris (continuing as the cauda equina). It has cervical and lumbar enlargements for the limbs, and its central gray matter is butterfly/H-shaped surrounded by white matter.
How are cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS numbered?
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves (CN I–XII) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
What is surface anatomy and why is it clinically important?
Surface anatomy is the study of external body landmarks that reveal underlying structures. Clinically it guides palpation, auscultation, locating injection/venipuncture sites, finding pulse points, and planning surgical incisions. Example: the jugular notch, sternal angle (of Louis) marking the T4/T5 level and 2nd costal cartilage, and McBurney's point for the appendix.
Outline the early stages of human embryonic development through gastrulation.
Fertilization → cleavage → morula → blastocyst (with inner cell mass) → implantation → bilaminar disc (epiblast + hypoblast) → gastrulation forming the trilaminar disc with three germ layers.
Name the three primary germ layers and the main tissues each gives rise to.
Ectoderm (epidermis, nervous system), mesoderm (muscle, bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular and urogenital systems), and endoderm (epithelial lining of the gut, respiratory tract, and associated glands like liver and pancreas).
What common medical imaging modalities are used in anatomy, and what is each best suited for?
X-ray/radiography (bones, dense structures), CT (cross-sectional, bone and acute bleeds, uses ionizing radiation), MRI (soft tissues, no ionizing radiation, uses magnetic fields), and ultrasound (real-time soft tissue/fluid, uses sound waves, no radiation). On standard CT/X-ray, dense bone appears white (radiopaque) and air appears black (radiolucent).
What this deck covers
The Anatomy deck follows the INI CET Anatomy syllabus — 9 chapters and 33 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 5.9 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 202 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Anatomy flashcards FAQ
How many Anatomy flashcards are in this INI CET deck?
53 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these INI CET flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 53-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Anatomy cards cover?
They follow the INI CET Anatomy syllabus — 9 chapters and 33 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.