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INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Social and Preventive Medicine as it is examined in INI CET. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Social and Preventive Medicine deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
State the null hypothesis and what a p-value represents.
Null hypothesis (H0) states there is no difference/association. The p-value is the probability of obtaining the observed (or more extreme) result if H0 is true; p<0.05 is conventionally significant.
Define Type I and Type II errors.
Type I (alpha) error: rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive). Type II (beta) error: failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative). Power = 1 − beta.
When is a chi-square test used versus a Student's t-test?
Chi-square test: association between two categorical variables. Student's t-test: comparison of means of a continuous variable between two groups.
What is a 95% confidence interval?
A range of values that, with 95% confidence, contains the true population parameter; if a CI for RR/OR includes 1.0, the result is not statistically significant.
Name commonly used epidemiological/statistical software for data analysis.
Epi Info (CDC, free), SPSS, STATA, SAS, R, and OpenEpi—used for data entry, management, and statistical analysis in public health.
What are the WHO three components of a Health Information System?
Data generation/collection, compilation/analysis, and communication/use for decision-making; sources include census, vital registration, disease surveillance, surveys, and health service records.
Differentiate active from passive disease surveillance.
Passive surveillance: health facilities routinely report cases (cheaper, under-reporting common). Active surveillance: health agency actively seeks case data from providers (more complete, costlier).
What is sentinel surveillance?
Surveillance using selected reporting sites/institutions to monitor trends of specific diseases when full population coverage is impractical (e.g., HIV sentinel surveillance).
Name three key indicators used to measure health status of a population.
Mortality indicators (IMR, MMR, CDR, life expectancy), morbidity indicators (incidence, prevalence), and composite indicators (DALY, HALE, physical quality of life index).
Define DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year).
DALY = Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death + Years Lived with Disability (YLD). One DALY = one lost year of healthy life; it measures overall disease burden.
What are the constructs of the Health Belief Model?
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
List the stages of the Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model.
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance (and sometimes relapse/termination).
What are the five action areas of health promotion in the Ottawa Charter (1986)?
Build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services.
Differentiate health education from health promotion.
Health education focuses on improving knowledge and individual behavior change. Health promotion is broader—it combines education with environmental, political, organizational, and policy supports to enable healthy choices.
Name common methods of health education.
Individual (counseling), group (lectures, demonstrations, group discussions, role play, panel discussions), and mass (TV, radio, posters, newspapers, internet) methods.
Define community participation and empowerment in public health.
Community participation is active involvement of community members in identifying problems and planning/implementing health programs; empowerment is the process by which communities gain control over decisions and resources affecting their health.
What are the main categories of environmental health hazards?
Physical (heat, radiation, noise), chemical (heavy metals, pesticides), biological (pathogens, vectors), mechanical (accidents), social/psychosocial, and air/water/soil pollution hazards.
What are the permissible WHO/Indian standards for residual chlorine and the minimum contact time in water disinfection?
Minimum free residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/L after a contact period of at least 1 hour (1 hour) ensures adequate disinfection of water.
What is climate change's impact on health (give three examples)?
Increased heat-related illness/deaths, changing distribution of vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue), food and water insecurity/malnutrition, and increased respiratory/cardiovascular disease from air pollution and extreme weather events.
List the classification of nutrients and the macronutrients.
Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (provide energy). Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals (required in small amounts for metabolism).
Differentiate marasmus from kwashiorkor.
Marasmus: severe wasting from energy (calorie) deficiency—'skin and bones,' no edema. Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency—edema, moon face, hepatomegaly, skin/hair changes, with relatively preserved subcutaneous fat.
State the WHO BMI classification for adults.
Underweight <18.5; Normal 18.5–24.9; Overweight 25–29.9; Obese ≥30 kg/m². (Asia-Pacific cutoffs: overweight ≥23, obese ≥25.)
Name key MCH indicators: define IMR, MMR, and neonatal mortality rate.
IMR = infant deaths (<1 yr)/1000 live births. MMR = maternal deaths/100,000 live births. Neonatal mortality rate = deaths within first 28 days/1000 live births.
What are the WHO recommended minimum number and components of antenatal care visits?
WHO 2016 recommends a minimum of 8 ANC contacts; components include history/exam, BP and weight monitoring, blood/urine tests, iron-folic acid supplementation, tetanus immunization (TT/Td), and counseling on danger signs and nutrition.
What this deck covers
The Social and Preventive Medicine deck follows the INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus — 10 chapters and 38 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 5.1 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 173 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Social and Preventive Medicine flashcards FAQ
How many Social and Preventive Medicine flashcards are in this INI CET deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these INI CET flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Social and Preventive Medicine cards cover?
They follow the INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus — 10 chapters and 38 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.