INI CET Community Medicine And Public Health Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Community Medicine And Public Health deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What is a zoonosis, and give examples of viral, bacterial, and parasitic zoonoses.

   A zoonosis is a disease naturally transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans. Viral: rabies, Nipah, Kyasanur forest disease. Bacterial: plague, brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax. Parasitic: hydatid disease (echinococcosis), toxoplasmosis.

2. What is the post-exposure prophylaxis schedule for category III rabies exposure?

   Category III (transdermal bites, scratches with bleeding, mucosal contact): immediate wound washing with soap and water, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) infiltrated into wound, PLUS full course of anti-rabies vaccine (e.g., Essen 5-dose IM: days 0,3,7,14,28).

3. Which vector transmits malaria, dengue, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis respectively?

   Malaria: female Anopheles mosquito. Dengue/chikungunya/Zika: Aedes aegypti. Filariasis (bancroftian): Culex quinquefasciatus. Japanese encephalitis: Culex (tritaeniorhynchus); pig is amplifier host, ardeid birds are reservoir.

4. What are the components of a balanced diet by approximate calorie distribution (carbohydrate, protein, fat)?

   Carbohydrates 50–70% of calories, Fats 15–30%, Proteins 10–15% (about 1 g/kg body weight). Carbohydrate provides 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

5. What is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?

   Marasmus: severe deficiency of calories AND protein → severe wasting, no edema, marked weight loss, 'old man' face. Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency with relatively adequate calories → edema, fatty liver, skin/hair changes, moon face, apathy.

6. What is the WHO classification of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children?

   SAM (children 6–59 months): weight-for-height < −3 SD, OR mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) <11.5 cm, OR bilateral pitting edema. Moderate acute malnutrition: WHZ −2 to −3 SD or MUAC 11.5–12.5 cm.

7. Name the deficiency diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B1, vitamin C, and niacin.

   Vitamin A: night blindness/xerophthalmia. Vitamin D: rickets (children)/osteomalacia (adults). Vitamin B1 (thiamine): beriberi. Vitamin C: scurvy. Niacin (B3): pellagra (the 3 D's – dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia).

8. What are the IDD (iodine deficiency) control measure and the recommended iodine content of salt?

   Universal salt iodization. Iodized salt should contain not less than 15 ppm of iodine at the consumer level (30 ppm at production level). Daily requirement ~150 µg (more in pregnancy).

9. What are the acceptable limits for residual chlorine and the minimum contact time in water chlorination?

   Free residual chlorine should be 0.5 mg/L maintained for a minimum contact period of 1 hour to ensure safe water. Break-point chlorination removes ammonia and provides free residual chlorine.

10. What is the difference between BOD and COD as indicators of water/sewage pollution?

    BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): oxygen used by microorganisms to oxidize organic matter (measured over 5 days at 20°C); indicates biodegradable organic load. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): oxygen needed to chemically oxidize all organic matter; always higher than BOD.

11. What are the WHO/Indian acceptable indoor air and water quality indicators for fluoride and arsenic?

    Permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water: 1.0 mg/L (excess causes dental and skeletal fluorosis). Arsenic permissible limit: 0.01 mg/L (WHO); 0.05 mg/L (older Indian standard); excess causes arsenicosis/skin lesions.

12. Define the threshold limit value (TLV) and name a classic occupational lung disease and its cause.

    TLV is the maximum permissible concentration of a hazardous substance in workplace air to which workers may be exposed daily without adverse effects. Example: silicosis from silica dust; asbestosis from asbestos; byssinosis from cotton dust; bagassosis from sugarcane dust.

13. What occupational disorder is caused by exposure to lead, and what is its classic biomarker?

    Lead poisoning (plumbism): abdominal colic, anemia (basophilic stippling), wrist/foot drop, lead line (Burton's line) on gums, encephalopathy. Biomarkers: blood lead level, urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and zinc protoporphyrin.

14. Under the Factories Act, what are the key notifiable provisions for occupational health in India?

    The Factories Act 1948 mandates occupational health and safety: applies to factories with ≥10 workers (power) or ≥20 (no power), requires notification of certain occupational diseases, provisions for working hours, welfare, ventilation, lighting, and employment of women/children restrictions.

15. What are the key steps/components of the public health/health planning cycle?

    Health planning cycle: situation analysis → establishing priorities → setting objectives/targets → assessing resources → strategy/plan formulation → implementation → monitoring and evaluation → feedback (and reassessment).

16. What is the difference between efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of a health program?

    Efficacy: benefit under ideal/controlled conditions (e.g., RCT). Effectiveness: benefit under real-world/routine conditions. Efficiency: results achieved relative to the resources/effort expended (cost-effectiveness).

17. What are the three-tier rural health infrastructure units in India and their population norms (plain areas)?

    Sub-centre: 1 per 5,000 population. Primary Health Centre (PHC): 1 per 30,000. Community Health Centre (CHC): 1 per 1,20,000 (a 30-bed referral hospital with specialists). (Tribal/hilly: 3,000 / 20,000 / 80,000.)

18. What is the goal/strategy of the Revised National TB Control Programme (now NTEP) and the first-line DOTS regimen basis?

    NTEP (National TB Elimination Programme) aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025. It uses DOTS – directly observed treatment, short course – with daily fixed-dose combination regimens (intensive phase HRZE, continuation phase HRE), free diagnosis (NAAT/CBNAAT) and treatment.

19. What are the key components/grade classifications of leprosy under NLEP?

    WHO classification: Paucibacillary (PB) – 1–5 skin lesions, treated 6 months MDT (rifampicin + dapsone). Multibacillary (MB) – >5 lesions, treated 12 months MDT (rifampicin + clofazimine + dapsone). Disability grading: Grade 0 (none), Grade 1 (sensory loss), Grade 2 (visible deformity).

20. List India's National Immunization Schedule vaccines given at birth.

    At birth: BCG, OPV-0 (zero dose), and Hepatitis B birth dose (within 24 hours). (Then OPV/Pentavalent/Rotavirus/fIPV/PCV at 6, 10, 14 weeks.)

21. What are the key demographic indicators: crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and India's current approximate values?

    Crude Birth Rate = live births per 1,000 mid-year population. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = average number of children a woman bears in her reproductive lifetime; replacement level = 2.1. India's TFR is currently ~2.0 (below replacement). CBR ~19–20/1,000.

22. Define Maternal Mortality Ratio and Infant Mortality Rate with their denominators.

    Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) = maternal deaths per 1,00,000 LIVE BIRTHS (deaths during pregnancy/within 42 days of termination from pregnancy-related causes). Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = deaths of infants <1 year per 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS. India: MMR ~97, IMR ~28.

23. Differentiate Neonatal, Perinatal, Under-5, and Maternal mortality rate denominators and time frames.

    Neonatal MR: deaths 0–28 days /1,000 live births. Perinatal: stillbirths + early neonatal (first 7 days) deaths /1,000 total births. Under-5 MR: deaths <5 years /1,000 live births. Maternal Mortality Ratio: maternal deaths /1,00,000 live births.

24. What are the methods/principles of health education and the key dimensions of communication for behavior change?

    Principles of health education: credibility, interest, participation, motivation, comprehension, reinforcement, learning by doing, good human relations, leaders. Communication for behavior change moves through awareness → interest → evaluation → trial → adoption. Methods: individual (counseling), group (lectures, demonstrations), and mass (media).

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