INI CET Anatomy Syllabus

Anatomy syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Anatomy in INI CET, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   General Anatomy

   4 topics

   • Introduction to Anatomy
     • Definition
     • Subdivisions
     • Scope
   • Anatomical terms
     • Positional terms
     • Directional terms
     • Regional terms
   • Body cavities and their contents
   • Anatomical planes and sections
2. 2

   Histology

   5 topics

   • Introduction to Histology
     • Basic tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
   • Structure and Function of Epithelial Tissue
   • Structure and Function of Connective Tissue
     • Types of fibers
     • Types of cells
     • Ground substance
   • Muscle Tissue
     • Skeletal Muscles
     • Smooth Muscles
     • Cardiac Muscles
   • Nervous Tissue
     • Neurons
     • Neuroglia
     • Nerve Impulses
3. 3

   Osteology

   5 topics

   • Structure and functions of bones
   • Classification of bones
     • Long bones
     • Short bones
     • Flat bones
     • Irregular bones
   • Gross anatomy of typical long bone
   • Development and ossification of bones
   • Joints
     • Classification
     • Types of movements
4. 4

   Arthrology

   3 topics

   • Classification of joints
     • Fibrous
     • Cartilaginous
     • Synovial
   • Structure and function of synovial joints
   • Types of synovial joints
     • Ball-and-socket
     • Hinge
     • Pivot
     • Saddle
     • Condyloid
     • Gliding
5. 5

   Myology

   4 topics

   • Muscles of the human body
     • Classification and naming conventions
   • Gross anatomy of skeletal muscles
     • Origin, insertion, action, and innervation
   • Muscle architecture
     • Fascicles
     • Tendons
     • Aponeuroses
   • Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle
     • Sarcomere structure
     • Sliding filament theory
6. 6

   Neuroanatomy

   5 topics

   • Central nervous system (CNS)
     • Brain and spinal cord
   • Gross anatomy of the brain
     • Cerebrum
     • Cerebellum
     • Brainstem
     • Diencephalon
   • Ventricles of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation
   • Spinal cord
     • Structure
     • Tracts
     • Spinal nerves
   • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
     • Cranial nerves
     • Spinal nerves
7. 7

   Surface Anatomy

   2 topics

   • Landmarks and surface features of the human body
   • Clinical significance of surface anatomy: Landmarks for palpation, auscultation, and surgical procedures
8. 8

   Embryology

   3 topics

   • Development of the human embryo
     • Fertilization
     • Implantation
     • Embryonic development stages
   • Formation of germ layers
     • Ectoderm
     • Mesoderm
     • Endoderm
   • Development of major organ systems
     • Nervous system
     • Cardiovascular system
     • Musculoskeletal system
9. 9

   Radiological Anatomy

   2 topics

   • Basics of medical imaging techniques
     • X-ray
     • CT scan
     • MRI
     • Ultrasound
   • Interpretation of radiological images
     • Normal anatomical structures
     • Pathological findings

Anatomy flashcards for INI CET

24 of 53 cards from the Anatomy deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is the standard anatomical position?

   Body erect, facing forward, feet together and flat, arms at the sides with palms facing forward (forearms supinated). All anatomical directional terms are described relative to this position.

2. Define the directional terms 'superior' and 'inferior'.

   Superior (cranial) means toward the head/upper part of the body; inferior (caudal) means toward the feet/lower part.

3. Differentiate the terms 'medial', 'lateral', 'proximal', and 'distal'.

   Medial = toward the midline; lateral = away from the midline; proximal = closer to the trunk/origin of a limb; distal = farther from the trunk/origin of a limb.

4. What is the difference between 'superficial' and 'deep', and 'anterior' and 'posterior'?

   Superficial = nearer the surface; deep = farther from the surface. Anterior (ventral) = toward the front; posterior (dorsal) = toward the back.

5. Name the three principal anatomical planes and the direction in which each divides the body.

   Sagittal plane (vertical, divides into left and right; midsagittal/median splits into equal halves), coronal/frontal plane (vertical, divides into anterior and posterior), and transverse/horizontal/axial plane (divides into superior and inferior).

6. What are the major dorsal and ventral body cavities?

   Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral/spinal canal (spinal cord). Ventral cavity: thoracic cavity (above diaphragm) and abdominopelvic cavity (below diaphragm).

7. What structures occupy the thoracic cavity and its subdivisions?

   Two pleural cavities (each lung) and the mediastinum, which contains the pericardial cavity (heart), great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus.

8. What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

   The diaphragm, a dome-shaped skeletal muscle that is also the principal muscle of respiration.

9. What is the difference between the abdominal and pelvic cavities in their contents?

   The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys; the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs.

10. What is histology?

    Histology is the microscopic study of the structure of tissues and their cellular organization, also called microscopic anatomy.

11. What are the four basic (primary) tissue types of the body?

    Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

12. What are the general functions and key features of epithelial tissue?

    It covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. It is avascular, has a free (apical) surface, rests on a basement membrane, and is highly cellular with little extracellular matrix.

13. How is epithelium classified by cell layers and cell shape?

    By layers: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudostratified. By shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal, and columnar.

14. Give an example location of simple squamous, simple columnar, and stratified squamous epithelium.

    Simple squamous: alveoli/endothelium of vessels (diffusion). Simple columnar: lining of the gut (absorption/secretion). Stratified squamous: epidermis and esophagus (protection against abrasion).

15. What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

    A stretchable stratified epithelium that changes shape (dome-shaped to flat) to accommodate distension; found lining the urinary tract (bladder, ureters), hence also called urothelium.

16. What are the components of connective tissue?

    Cells (e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes), protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance — together the fibers and ground substance form the extracellular matrix.

17. List the main types of connective tissue.

    Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: regular, irregular, elastic) and specialized connective tissues: cartilage, bone, and blood.

18. Name the three types of cartilage and a location for each.

    Hyaline cartilage (articular surfaces, costal cartilage, trachea), elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis), and fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci).

19. What are the three types of muscle tissue and which are voluntary?

    Skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary), cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary), and smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary).

20. Compare striations and nuclei among the three muscle types.

    Skeletal: striated, multinucleate (peripheral nuclei). Cardiac: striated, usually single central nucleus, with branching fibers and intercalated discs. Smooth: non-striated, single central nucleus, spindle-shaped cells.

21. What are the two principal cell types of nervous tissue and their roles?

    Neurons, which generate and conduct electrical impulses, and neuroglia (glial cells), which support, nourish, insulate, and protect neurons.

22. Name the parts of a typical neuron.

    Dendrites (receive signals), cell body/soma (contains nucleus), axon (conducts impulses away), and axon terminals (transmit signals at synapses).

23. What are the main functions of bone (osseous) tissue?

    Support, protection of organs, movement (levers for muscles), mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in red marrow), and energy/fat storage (yellow marrow).

24. How are bones classified by shape, with an example of each?

    Long (femur, humerus), short (carpals, tarsals), flat (sternum, scapula, skull bones), irregular (vertebrae, hip bone), and sesamoid (patella).

See more Anatomy flashcards →

Planning Anatomy for INI CET

Anatomy (INI CET) FAQ