INI CET Paediatrics Syllabus

Paediatrics syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Paediatrics in INI CET, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Normal Growth and Development

   3 topics

   • Growth parameters
     • Weight
     • Length/Height
     • Head circumference
     • Growth charts
   • Developmental milestones
     • Gross motor
     • Fine motor
     • Language
     • Social
     • Cognitive development
   • Nutritional requirements
     • Breastfeeding
     • Formula feeding
     • Introduction of solid foods
     • Nutritional deficiencies
2. 2

   Neonatology

   3 topics

   • Neonatal resuscitation
     • Initial steps
     • Positive pressure ventilation
     • Chest compressions
     • Medications (epinephrine, naloxone)
   • Neonatal jaundice
     • Physiological jaundice
     • Pathological jaundice
     • Kernicterus
     • Management (phototherapy, exchange transfusion)
   • Neonatal infections
     • Neonatal sepsis
     • Pneumonia
     • Meningitis
     • Congenital infections (TORCH infections)
3. 3

   Infectious Diseases

   4 topics

   • Respiratory infections
     • Bronchiolitis
     • Pneumonia (viral, bacterial)
     • Croup
     • Pertussis
   • Gastrointestinal infections
     • Acute gastroenteritis
     • Rotavirus infection
     • Hepatitis A
     • Typhoid fever
   • Central nervous system infections
     • Meningitis (bacterial, viral)
     • Encephalitis
     • Febrile seizures
   • Vaccine-preventable diseases
     • Diphtheria
     • Tetanus
     • Pertussis
     • Measles
     • Mumps
     • Rubella
     • Polio
     • Hepatitis B
     • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
     • Pneumococcal disease
     • Meningococcal disease
     • Varicella
     • Influenza
     • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
4. 4

   Respiratory Disorders

   3 topics

   • Asthma
     • Pathophysiology
     • Clinical Features
     • Diagnosis: Spirometry
     • Diagnosis: Peak Flow Meter
     • Management: Inhaled Corticosteroids
     • Management: Bronchodilators
   • Bronchiolitis
     • Etiology
     • Clinical Features
     • Diagnosis
     • Management: Supportive Care
     • Management: Oxygen Therapy
   • Cystic fibrosis
     • Pathophysiology
     • Clinical Features
     • Diagnosis: Sweat Chloride Test
     • Management: Airway Clearance Techniques
     • Management: Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement
5. 5

   Gastroenterology and Nutrition

   3 topics

   • Diarrheal diseases
     • Acute diarrhea
     • Persistent diarrhea
     • Chronic diarrhea: Inflammatory bowel disease
     • Chronic diarrhea: Celiac disease
   • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
     • Clinical features
     • Diagnosis (pH monitoring)
     • Management: Lifestyle modification
     • Management: Proton pump inhibitors
   • Malnutrition
     • Marasmus
     • Kwashiorkor
     • Vitamin A deficiency
     • Iron deficiency anemia
     • Nutritional rehabilitation
6. 6

   Congenital heart diseases

   5 topics

   • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
   • Atrial septal defect (ASD)
   • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
   • Tetralogy of Fallot
   • Coarctation of the aorta
7. 7

   Febrile seizures

   4 topics

   • Simple febrile seizures
   • Complex febrile seizures
   • Risk factors
   • Management
8. 8

   Acute kidney injury (AKI)

   4 topics

   • Etiology
   • Clinical features
   • Diagnosis
     • Serum creatinine
     • Urine output
   • Management
9. 9

   Type 1 diabetes mellitus

   4 topics

   • Pathophysiology
   • Clinical features
   • Diagnosis
     • Blood glucose
     • HbA1c
   • Management
     • Insulin therapy
     • Carbohydrate counting
10. 10

    Allergic disorders

    5 topics

    • Allergic rhinitis
    • Allergic conjunctivitis
    • Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
    • Food allergies
    • Anaphylaxis

Paediatrics flashcards for INI CET

22 of 51 cards from the Paediatrics deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is the formula to estimate weight (in kg) for a child aged 1-6 years?

   Weight (kg) = (Age in years x 2) + 8.

2. By what ages does a child's birth weight typically double and triple?

   Doubles by ~5 months and triples by ~1 year (quadruples by ~2 years).

3. What is the expected head circumference at birth and at 1 year?

   ~35 cm at birth, increasing to ~47 cm at 1 year (about 2 cm/month for first 3 months, then slower).

4. At what age does a normal child usually achieve social smile, head holding, sitting without support, and walking independently?

   Social smile ~2 months, head holding ~3 months, sitting without support ~6-8 months, independent walking ~12-15 months.

5. What gross motor milestone is expected at 9 months versus 12 months?

   9 months: crawls and stands holding furniture (cruising begins). 12 months: stands alone and may take first independent steps.

6. Name the four domains assessed in developmental milestone evaluation.

   Gross motor, fine motor (adaptive), language, and social/personal-behavioural.

7. What fine motor milestone is expected at 9 months and at 12 months?

   9 months: immature pincer grasp. 12 months: mature pincer grasp and releases objects voluntarily.

8. At what age does a child typically speak 2-3 words with meaning, and form 2-3 word sentences?

   2-3 meaningful words by ~12 months; 2-3 word sentences by ~2 years.

9. What are the daily fluid requirements by the Holliday-Segar method?

   100 mL/kg for first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for next 10 kg, 20 mL/kg for each kg above 20 kg.

10. What are the recommended daily calorie and protein requirements for an infant in the first year?

    ~100-110 kcal/kg/day and ~1.5-2 g/kg/day of protein in infancy.

11. Until what age is exclusive breastfeeding recommended, and when should complementary feeding begin?

    Exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months; introduce complementary feeding at 6 months while continuing breastfeeding up to 2 years.

12. What is the correct sequence of steps in neonatal resuscitation per NRP?

    Initial steps (warm, dry, stimulate, position, clear airway) -> positive pressure ventilation if apnoeic/HR<100 -> chest compressions if HR<60 despite 30s effective PPV -> epinephrine if HR<60 after compressions.

13. What compression-to-ventilation ratio is used in neonatal resuscitation, and at what heart rate are chest compressions started?

    3:1 ratio (90 compressions and 30 breaths per minute); compressions started when HR remains <60/min after 30 seconds of effective ventilation.

14. What target oxygen saturation is expected and what initial FiO2 is recommended for a term newborn resuscitation?

    Start with room air (21% FiO2) for term infants; preductal SpO2 targets rise from ~60-65% at 1 min to ~85-95% by 10 min.

15. What is the dose and preferred route of epinephrine in neonatal resuscitation?

    0.01-0.03 mg/kg (0.1-0.3 mL/kg of 1:10,000) via the umbilical vein (IV preferred); endotracheal dose 0.05-0.1 mg/kg if IV access not yet available.

16. Differentiate physiological from pathological neonatal jaundice.

    Physiological: appears after 24h, peaks day 3-5, unconjugated, resolves by 1-2 weeks. Pathological: appears <24h, rises >5 mg/dL/day, total bilirubin >15 mg/dL, conjugated >2 mg/dL, or persists >2 weeks.

17. What is the dreaded complication of severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and why does it occur?

    Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy) - unconjugated bilirubin is lipid-soluble, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and deposits in the basal ganglia.

18. What are the main treatment modalities for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia?

    Phototherapy (converts bilirubin to water-soluble isomers) and exchange transfusion for severe/rapidly rising levels; treat underlying cause.

19. What is the most common cause of jaundice appearing within the first 24 hours of life?

    Haemolysis - most commonly Rh or ABO isoimmunisation (always pathological).

20. What are the components of the TORCH group of congenital infections?

    Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus B19, HIV), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus.

21. What are the two clinical patterns and most common organisms of neonatal sepsis?

    Early-onset (<72h, vertical: Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria) and late-onset (>72h, nosocomial/community: coagulase-negative staph, S. aureus, Klebsiella).

22. What is the most common cause of meningitis in neonates?

    Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), followed by E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes.

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