NEET PG Psychiatry Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Psychiatry deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What is conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)?

   Neurological symptoms (e.g., weakness, blindness, non-epileptic seizures) incompatible with recognised disease, often with 'la belle indifference', not intentionally produced.

2. Differentiate dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder.

   Dissociative amnesia: inability to recall important (usually traumatic) personal information; dissociative identity disorder: two or more distinct personality states with memory gaps; depersonalization/derealization: persistent feelings of detachment from self or surroundings with intact reality testing.

3. What are the diagnostic features of anorexia nervosa and its two subtypes?

   Restriction of intake leading to significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and distorted body image; subtypes are restricting type and binge-eating/purging type.

4. How does bulimia nervosa differ from anorexia nervosa?

   Bulimia features recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours (vomiting, laxatives, exercise) at least weekly for 3 months, but body weight is typically normal or above; anorexia is defined by significantly low weight.

5. What is binge-eating disorder and how is it distinguished from bulimia nervosa?

   Recurrent binge eating with loss of control and distress, at least weekly for 3 months, but WITHOUT regular compensatory behaviours (unlike bulimia).

6. What is the classic electrolyte/sign associated with self-induced vomiting in bulimia nervosa?

   Hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis; signs include Russell's sign (calluses on knuckles), dental erosion, and parotid gland enlargement.

7. What are the diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder?

   Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity/quality (difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or early awakening) at least 3 nights/week for at least 3 months, causing distress/impairment despite adequate opportunity to sleep.

8. What is the hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea and its first-line treatment?

   Repetitive upper-airway collapse causing apneas/hypopneas with snoring and daytime sleepiness; first-line treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

9. Differentiate the NREM parasomnias (sleepwalking, sleep terrors) from REM sleep behaviour disorder.

   NREM parasomnias arise from deep slow-wave sleep early in the night with no dream recall and amnesia; REM sleep behaviour disorder occurs in late-night REM with dream enactment and recall, and is linked to alpha-synucleinopathies (e.g., Parkinson disease).

10. What are the four phases of the normal human sexual response cycle (Masters and Johnson)?

    Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution (Kaplan added a 'desire' phase preceding these).

11. Name common sexual dysfunctions and the drug class used for erectile dysfunction.

    Examples: erectile disorder, premature/delayed ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, hypoactive sexual desire; erectile dysfunction is treated first-line with PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil).

12. What defines a paraphilic disorder (as opposed to a paraphilia)?

    A paraphilia (atypical sexual interest) becomes a paraphilic disorder only when it causes distress/impairment to the individual or harm/risk to others (e.g., pedophilic, exhibitionistic, voyeuristic disorder).

13. What is gender dysphoria in DSM-5?

    Marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender for at least 6 months, causing clinically significant distress or impairment.

14. What is the most common cause of dementia and its characteristic histopathology?

    Alzheimer disease; histology shows extracellular beta-amyloid (senile) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau, with cholinergic deficit.

15. Contrast the clinical features of dementia versus delirium.

    Dementia: gradual onset, progressive, stable/clear consciousness, chronic course. Delirium: acute onset, fluctuating course, impaired/clouded consciousness and attention, often reversible with an identifiable medical cause.

16. What drug classes are used to treat Alzheimer dementia by stage?

    Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) for mild-to-moderate disease; the NMDA antagonist memantine for moderate-to-severe disease.

17. Why is late-life (geriatric) depression often missed, and what is a key concern?

    It commonly presents with somatic complaints and cognitive impairment ('pseudodementia') rather than sadness; a key concern is the high completed-suicide rate in elderly patients.

18. What are the DSM-5 core symptom domains and age-of-onset criterion for ADHD?

    Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present in 2+ settings; several symptoms must be present before age 12, lasting at least 6 months. First-line treatment is stimulants (methylphenidate/amphetamines).

19. What are the two core diagnostic domains of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

    Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, AND restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities; onset in the early developmental period.

20. Differentiate conduct disorder from oppositional defiant disorder, and note the adult diagnosis it may precede.

    Oppositional defiant disorder is a pattern of angry/argumentative, defiant behaviour; conduct disorder involves repetitive violation of others' rights and major societal norms (aggression, theft, destruction). Conduct disorder before age 15 is required for adult antisocial personality disorder.

21. What is separation anxiety disorder in children and its required duration?

    Developmentally excessive fear/distress about separation from attachment figures (e.g., refusal to go to school, nightmares, somatic complaints), lasting at least 4 weeks in children/adolescents.

22. Under India's Mental Healthcare Act 2017, what major rights and provisions were introduced regarding suicide and treatment preferences?

    It decriminalised attempted suicide (presumed to be under severe stress), guaranteed the right to access mental healthcare, and allowed an Advance Directive and a Nominated Representative for treatment decisions.

23. Name the four core principles of medical/psychiatric ethics.

    Autonomy (respecting the patient's right to decide), beneficence (acting for the patient's good), non-maleficence (do no harm), and justice (fairness in distribution of care).

24. In forensic psychiatry, what is the legal standard tested by the M'Naghten Rule for the insanity defence?

    At the time of the act, due to a defect of reason from disease of the mind, the accused did not know the nature/quality of the act, or did not know that it was wrong. In India this corresponds to Section 84 IPC (act of a person of unsound mind).

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