Super TET / State TET Child Development and Pedagogy (Bal Vikas evam Shiksha Shastra) Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Child Development and Pedagogy (Bal Vikas evam Shiksha Shastra) deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What is intelligence, according to a widely accepted definition?

   Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment (Wechsler). It includes the ability to learn, reason abstractly and adapt to new situations.

2. Give the formula for Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and who popularised the term.

   IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100. The term 'IQ' was given by William Stern; mental age was introduced by Binet.

3. Name the two/three factors in Spearman's theory of intelligence.

   Charles Spearman's Two-Factor theory: a general factor 'g' (common to all intellectual tasks) and specific factors 's' (specific to particular tasks).

4. What are the components of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

   Howard Gardner proposed independent intelligences: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinaesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic (and later Existential).

5. Define personality and name its main determinants.

   Personality is the dynamic, organised, relatively stable set of an individual's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving (Allport). Its determinants are heredity (biological) and environment (family, school, culture, social experiences).

6. Name the major approaches/theories used to study personality.

   Type theories (e.g., Sheldon's body types, Jung's introvert/extrovert), Trait theories (Allport, Cattell's 16 PF), Psychoanalytic theory (Freud), and Humanistic theories (Maslow, Rogers).

7. What are Freud's three components of personality?

   Id (unconscious, pleasure principle, instincts), Ego (conscious, reality principle, mediator), and Superego (moral conscience, internalised standards).

8. Distinguish projective from non-projective (objective) personality assessment, with examples.

   Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli so the person projects inner feelings — e.g., Rorschach Inkblot Test, TAT. Non-projective tests use direct, structured questions — e.g., questionnaires, rating scales, personality inventories.

9. What is motivation and how is it classified?

   Motivation is the internal process that arouses, sustains and directs behaviour towards a goal. It is classified as intrinsic (from within — interest, curiosity, satisfaction) and extrinsic (from outside — rewards, marks, praise, punishment).

10. What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from lowest to highest?

    Physiological needs → Safety needs → Love/Belonging needs → Esteem needs → Self-actualisation needs. Lower needs must be largely satisfied before higher ones motivate behaviour.

11. What is memory and name its three basic processes.

    Memory is the capacity to encode, store and retrieve information/experiences. Its three processes are Encoding (registration/learning), Storage (retention), and Retrieval (recall/recognition).

12. Differentiate short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

    STM holds a limited amount of information (about 7±2 items) for a few seconds unless rehearsed. LTM has virtually unlimited capacity and stores information durably, even for a lifetime.

13. What is forgetting and name two major theories explaining it.

    Forgetting is the failure to retain or retrieve previously learned material. Major theories: Trace decay (memory fades with disuse over time) and Interference theory (proactive — old learning blocks new; retroactive — new learning blocks old).

14. What is transfer of learning and its three types?

    Transfer of learning is the influence of prior learning on new learning/performance. Types: Positive transfer (prior learning helps new learning), Negative transfer (prior learning hinders new learning), and Zero transfer (no effect).

15. What is inclusive education?

    Inclusive education is an approach in which all children — including those with disabilities and from diverse backgrounds — learn together in the same regular/general classroom, with the curriculum, teaching and environment adapted to meet every child's needs.

16. Who are 'Children with Special Needs' (Divyang / CWSN)?

    Children who require additional support due to physical, sensory, intellectual, emotional or learning differences — e.g., visual/hearing impairment, locomotor/orthopaedic disability, intellectual disability, autism, and specific learning disabilities.

17. Name three common Specific Learning Disabilities and what each affects.

    Dyslexia (difficulty in reading), Dysgraphia (difficulty in writing), and Dyscalculia (difficulty with mathematics/numbers). (Dyspraxia affects motor coordination.)

18. Who are 'gifted and talented' learners and what are their key traits?

    Gifted learners are children with markedly above-average ability (high IQ, generally above 130). Traits include rapid learning, high curiosity, strong memory, creativity, advanced vocabulary, and the ability to grasp abstract ideas quickly.

19. Who are 'disadvantaged' (backward/deprived) learners?

    Children whose development and educational opportunities are limited by adverse social, economic, cultural or physical conditions (poverty, deprivation, marginalised groups), placing them at an educational disadvantage despite normal ability.

20. What are 'individual differences' and name the main areas in which they occur?

    Individual differences are the variations among people in physical, mental and behavioural traits. Main areas: physical, intelligence, aptitude, interest, attitude, achievement, personality, learning style, and emotional/social make-up.

21. Contrast the teacher-centred and child-centred approaches to the teaching–learning process.

    Teacher-centred (traditional): teacher is the active authority who transmits knowledge; pupils are passive. Child-centred: the learner is active and central; the teacher facilitates, and learning is built around the child's needs, interests, pace and activity.

22. What is progressive education?

    An educational philosophy (associated with John Dewey) emphasising learning by doing, hands-on experience, problem-solving, the child's interests and active participation, democratic values and connecting learning to real life rather than rote memorisation.

23. Differentiate formative and summative assessment.

    Formative assessment is conducted DURING the learning process to monitor progress and give feedback to improve learning (e.g., quizzes, observation). Summative assessment is conducted at the END to judge/grade overall achievement (e.g., final/term exams).

24. What is action research in education?

    Action research is a small-scale, practical inquiry conducted by teachers in their own classroom/school to identify and solve an immediate, specific problem, improving their own teaching practice through a cycle of plan–act–observe–reflect.

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Child Development and Pedagogy (Bal Vikas evam Shiksha Shastra) flashcards FAQ