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INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance Biology - Botany Flashcards
59 question-and-answer cards covering Biology - Botany as it is examined in INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Biology - Botany deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
Why is the C4 pathway more efficient in hot, dry climates, and what is the first CO2 fixation product?
C4 plants concentrate CO2 in bundle sheath cells, minimising photorespiration. The first product is oxaloacetic acid (OAA), a 4-carbon compound, formed in mesophyll cells via PEP carboxylase.
What is photorespiration, and which enzyme causes it?
Photorespiration is the wasteful oxygenation of RuBP under high O2/low CO2 conditions, producing phosphoglycolate without ATP or sugar gain. It is caused by RuBisCO acting as an oxygenase.
Name the products of the light reaction that are used in the Calvin cycle.
ATP and NADPH (assimilatory power); O2 is released as a by-product.
Write the overall equation of aerobic respiration of glucose.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (38 ATP, theoretically).
Where do glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur in a cell?
Glycolysis: cytoplasm. Krebs cycle (TCA): mitochondrial matrix. Electron transport chain: inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the net ATP, NADH, and pyruvate yield from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon).
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ), and what is its value when carbohydrates are the substrate?
RQ = volume of CO2 evolved / volume of O2 consumed. For carbohydrates, RQ = 1.
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
They are reduced coenzymes that donate electrons to the electron transport chain; the energy released pumps protons to create a gradient used by ATP synthase to make ATP.
State the difference between vegetative growth and the role of auxins versus cytokinins.
Auxins promote cell elongation, apical dominance, and rooting; cytokinins promote cell division, delay senescence, and overcome apical dominance (promote lateral bud growth).
Which plant hormone promotes seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and is called the stress hormone?
Abscisic acid (ABA).
Which gaseous plant hormone promotes fruit ripening, senescence, and abscission?
Ethylene.
What is photoperiodism, and which plant part perceives the photoperiod?
Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods (e.g., flowering). The leaves perceive the photoperiod (involving the pigment phytochrome).
What is vernalisation?
The promotion of flowering by exposure of a plant (or seed) to a period of low temperature (cold treatment).
In the embryo sac of a typical angiosperm, what is the 7-celled, 8-nucleate organisation?
3 antipodal cells, 1 central cell with 2 polar nuclei, and the egg apparatus of 1 egg cell + 2 synergids — 8 nuclei in 7 cells.
What is parthenocarpy?
The development of fruit without fertilisation, producing seedless fruits (e.g., banana).
State Mendel's Law of Segregation.
During gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene separate (segregate) so that each gamete receives only one allele; alleles pair again at fertilisation.
State Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment and the dihybrid F2 phenotypic ratio.
Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation. The dihybrid F2 ratio is 9:3:3:1.
What is the monohybrid F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratio in Mendel's cross?
Phenotypic ratio 3:1 (dominant:recessive); genotypic ratio 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive).
Define incomplete dominance with an example.
When the heterozygote shows a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes, e.g., in Antirrhinum (snapdragon) Rr gives pink flowers between red (RR) and white (rr). F2 ratio is 1:2:1.
What is the chromosomal basis of sex determination in humans (XX-XY type)?
Females are XX (homogametic) and males are XY (heterogametic); sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm carries an X or a Y chromosome.
State Chargaff's rule for DNA base composition.
In double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine (A=T) and guanine equals cytosine (G=C); thus purines = pyrimidines (A+G = T+C).
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Genetic information flows from DNA → RNA (transcription) → protein (translation).
What is a codon, and how many codons are stop (termination) codons?
A codon is a triplet of nucleotides on mRNA coding for one amino acid (or stop signal). There are 3 stop codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA.
What is semiconservative DNA replication, as shown by Meselson and Stahl?
Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental (old) strand and one newly synthesised strand; the two parental strands are conserved one per daughter molecule.
What this deck covers
The Biology - Botany deck follows the INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance Biology - Botany syllabus — 3 chapters and 11 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 19.7 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 121 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Biology - Botany flashcards FAQ
How many Biology - Botany flashcards are in this INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance deck?
59 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 59-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Biology - Botany cards cover?
They follow the INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance Biology - Botany syllabus — 3 chapters and 11 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.