INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance Biology - Botany Syllabus

Biology - Botany syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Biology - Botany in INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Diversity and Structure of Plants

   4 topics

   • Biological Classification
     • Five kingdom classification
     • Monera, Protista and Fungi
     • Viruses, viroids and lichens
   • Plant Kingdom
     • Algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes
     • Gymnosperms and angiosperms
   • Morphology of Flowering Plants
     • Root, stem and leaf modifications
     • Inflorescence, flower and fruit
   • Anatomy of Flowering Plants
     • Plant tissues and tissue systems
     • Secondary growth
2. 2

   Plant Physiology

   4 topics

   • Transport in Plants
     • Diffusion, osmosis and water potential
     • Transpiration and ascent of sap
     • Mineral nutrition
   • Photosynthesis
     • Light and dark reactions
     • C3, C4 and CAM pathways
   • Respiration in Plants
     • Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC
     • Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
   • Plant Growth and Development
     • Plant growth regulators
     • Photoperiodism and vernalisation
3. 3

   Plant Reproduction and Genetics

   3 topics

   • Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
     • Pollination and fertilisation
     • Seed and fruit development
   • Principles of Inheritance
     • Mendel's laws of inheritance
     • Linkage, recombination and mutation
   • Molecular Basis of Inheritance
     • DNA structure and replication
     • Transcription and translation

Biology - Botany flashcards for INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance

20 of 59 cards from the Biology - Botany deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. In the five-kingdom classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969), what are the five kingdoms?

   Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

2. Which kingdom contains all prokaryotic organisms in Whittaker's classification?

   Kingdom Monera (includes all bacteria, cyanobacteria/blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and archaebacteria).

3. What three criteria did Whittaker primarily use to define his five kingdoms?

   Cell structure (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), body organisation (unicellular/multicellular), and mode of nutrition (autotrophic/heterotrophic), along with phylogenetic relationships.

4. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi, and how do they absorb food?

   Fungi are heterotrophic and saprophytic/parasitic; they digest food externally and absorb it (absorptive nutrition).

5. Define the term 'lichen' as a symbiotic association.

   A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus (mycobiont) and an alga or cyanobacterium (phycobiont); the fungus provides shelter and the alga provides food by photosynthesis.

6. On what basis are algae classified into Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae?

   Mainly on the dominant photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyceae (green - chlorophyll a, b), Phaeophyceae (brown - fucoxanthin), Rhodophyceae (red - phycoerythrin).

7. What is the stored food (reserve food material) in red algae (Rhodophyceae)?

   Floridean starch (similar to amylopectin and glycogen).

8. What is alternation of generations in plants?

   The life cycle alternating between a haploid gametophyte (n) generation that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte (2n) generation that produces spores.

9. Why are bryophytes called the 'amphibians of the plant kingdom'?

   Because they can live in soil but require water for sexual reproduction (the motile male gametes need water to reach the egg).

10. Which plant group is the first to have a well-developed vascular system (xylem and phloem) but lacks seeds?

    Pteridophytes (e.g., ferns, Selaginella, Equisetum).

11. What is heterospory, and in which plant groups is it seen?

    Heterospory is the production of two kinds of spores (microspores and megaspores); seen in some pteridophytes (e.g., Selaginella, Salvinia) and all seed plants. It is considered a precursor to seed habit.

12. How do gymnosperms differ from angiosperms regarding seed protection?

    In gymnosperms ovules/seeds are naked (not enclosed in an ovary), whereas in angiosperms ovules are enclosed within an ovary that matures into fruit.

13. What is double fertilisation, found only in angiosperms?

    One male gamete fuses with the egg (syngamy) forming the zygote (2n), and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei (triple fusion) forming the primary endosperm nucleus (3n).

14. List the main differences between monocots and dicots in terms of cotyledons, venation, and root system.

    Monocots: one cotyledon, parallel venation, fibrous root; Dicots: two cotyledons, reticulate venation, tap root.

15. What is a taproot system, and how does it originate?

    A taproot system has a primary root (developing from the radicle) and its branches; it is characteristic of dicots.

16. Define aestivation and name its main types.

    Aestivation is the arrangement of sepals/petals in a floral bud. Types: valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.

17. What is a placentation, and name the type seen in mustard (Brassica) ovary?

    Placentation is the arrangement of ovules within the ovary. Mustard shows parietal placentation.

18. In a flower, what is meant by the terms epigynous and hypogynous?

    Hypogynous: ovary superior, other floral parts below it (e.g., mustard). Epigynous: ovary inferior, other parts arise above it (e.g., guava, sunflower).

19. What kind of fruit develops from the condensed inflorescence (e.g., jackfruit, pineapple)?

    A composite fruit, specifically a sorosis (or in fig, a syconus).

20. What is the floral formula symbol for a bisexual flower and for an actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flower?

    Bisexual flower is denoted by ⚥; actinomorphic symmetry is denoted by ⊕ (a circle/star symbol).

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