INC CET / BSc Nursing Entrance Physics Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Physics deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. State Bernoulli's theorem for fluid flow.

   For an ideal fluid in streamline flow, P + (1/2)ρv^2 + ρgh = constant; total energy per unit volume (pressure + kinetic + potential) is conserved.

2. Define surface tension and viscosity.

   Surface tension is force per unit length on a liquid surface (SI unit N/m) due to molecular cohesion. Viscosity is a fluid's internal resistance to flow between layers.

3. Relate the three temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

   K = C + 273.15; F = (9/5)C + 32; C/100 = (F - 32)/180 = (K - 273)/100.

4. Define specific heat capacity and latent heat.

   Specific heat is heat needed to raise unit mass by 1 degree (Q = mcΔT). Latent heat is heat needed to change phase of unit mass at constant temperature (Q = mL).

5. Name the three modes of heat transfer and the medium each requires.

   Conduction (needs a solid medium, no bulk movement), convection (needs a fluid with bulk movement), radiation (needs no medium, travels as electromagnetic waves).

6. State the first law of thermodynamics.

   Heat supplied to a system equals the increase in internal energy plus the work done by the system: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW.

7. State the second law of thermodynamics (Kelvin-Planck statement).

   It is impossible to construct an engine that, working in a cycle, converts all absorbed heat entirely into work; some heat must be rejected to a sink.

8. Differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic processes.

   Isothermal: temperature constant (ΔU = 0), heat is exchanged. Adiabatic: no heat exchange (ΔQ = 0), temperature changes.

9. Write the efficiency formula for a Carnot engine.

   η = 1 - T2/T1, where T1 is the source temperature and T2 is the sink temperature (in kelvin).

10. State the ideal gas equation and the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases.

    PV = nRT. Assumptions: gas molecules are point masses in random motion, no intermolecular forces, collisions are perfectly elastic, and time of collision is negligible.

11. How is the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule related to temperature?

    Average translational KE per molecule = (3/2)kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant; it depends only on absolute temperature.

12. State Coulomb's law of electrostatics.

    The force between two point charges is F = kq1q2/r^2, where k = 9 x 10^9 N·m^2/C^2; it acts along the line joining the charges.

13. Define electric field intensity and electric potential.

    Electric field E = force per unit positive test charge (E = F/q, unit N/C or V/m). Electric potential = work done per unit charge to bring it from infinity to a point (unit volt).

14. Define capacitance and state the formula for a parallel plate capacitor.

    Capacitance C = Q/V (unit farad). For a parallel plate capacitor C = ε0·A/d (in vacuum).

15. State Ohm's law and the formula for resistance in terms of resistivity.

    V = IR (current is proportional to voltage at constant temperature). Resistance R = ρL/A, where ρ is resistivity, L length, A cross-sectional area.

16. Write the formulas for resistors in series and in parallel.

    Series: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... Parallel: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...

17. State Kirchhoff's two laws of electrical circuits.

    Junction (current) law: total current entering a junction equals current leaving it (charge conservation). Loop (voltage) law: the algebraic sum of EMFs and potential drops around a closed loop is zero (energy conservation).

18. State Joule's law of heating.

    Heat produced in a conductor H = I^2Rt; it is proportional to the square of the current, the resistance, and the time of flow.

19. What is the direction of the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor, and how is it found?

    Force F = BIL sinθ; its direction is given by Fleming's left-hand rule (thumb = force/motion, forefinger = field, middle finger = current).

20. State the right-hand thumb rule for the magnetic field of a current.

    If the right thumb points in the direction of current flow, the curled fingers give the direction of the circular magnetic field lines around the conductor.

21. State Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.

    1st: An EMF is induced whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes. 2nd: The induced EMF equals the rate of change of magnetic flux, EMF = -dΦ/dt.

22. State Lenz's law.

    The direction of induced current is always such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it; this is a consequence of conservation of energy.

23. Define the speed of a wave in terms of frequency and wavelength, and distinguish transverse from longitudinal waves.

    v = f·λ (speed = frequency x wavelength). Transverse waves: particles vibrate perpendicular to propagation (e.g., light). Longitudinal waves: particles vibrate parallel to propagation (e.g., sound).

24. State the laws of reflection and define the refractive index (Snell's law).

    Reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection, and incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in one plane. Refraction (Snell's law): n = sin i / sin r = c/v (speed in vacuum/speed in medium).

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