CMAT Innovation & Entrepreneurship Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Innovation & Entrepreneurship deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. Differentiate between an angel investor and a venture capitalist (VC).

   An angel investor is a wealthy individual who invests their own money in early-stage startups, usually smaller amounts. A venture capitalist invests pooled institutional funds, typically larger amounts in growth-stage startups, in exchange for equity and often board influence.

2. List the typical stages of startup funding rounds in order.

   Pre-seed, Seed, Series A, Series B, Series C (and beyond), followed by an IPO or acquisition (exit).

3. What is the difference between equity financing and debt financing?

   Equity financing raises capital by selling ownership stakes (shares) with no obligation to repay but dilution of ownership. Debt financing borrows money (loans/bonds) that must be repaid with interest, without giving up ownership.

4. What is a 'unicorn' startup and who coined the term?

   A unicorn is a privately held startup valued at over $1 billion. The term was coined by venture capitalist Aileen Lee in 2013.

5. What is the difference between business risk and financial risk for an entrepreneur?

   Business risk arises from operations—competition, demand, costs, technology—affecting the firm's ability to generate profit. Financial risk arises from the firm's capital structure and use of debt, affecting its ability to meet financial obligations.

6. What are the components of the Ansoff Matrix used for growth strategy?

   Four growth strategies based on products and markets: Market Penetration (existing product, existing market), Market Development (existing product, new market), Product Development (new product, existing market), and Diversification (new product, new market).

7. What is the difference between organic and inorganic growth strategies?

   Organic growth is internal expansion through increased sales, new products, or market expansion using the firm's own resources. Inorganic growth is external expansion through mergers, acquisitions, or takeovers.

8. What is a SWOT analysis and what do the letters stand for?

   A strategic planning tool analyzing Strengths and Weaknesses (internal factors) and Opportunities and Threats (external factors) to inform decision-making.

9. What is the 'break-even point' and its basic formula?

   The break-even point is the sales level at which total revenue equals total cost (no profit, no loss). Break-even point (units) = Fixed Costs / (Selling Price per unit − Variable Cost per unit), where the denominator is the contribution margin per unit.

10. What is the Indian startup ecosystem and which cities are its major hubs?

    It is the network of startups, investors, incubators, accelerators, mentors, and government bodies supporting new ventures. Major hubs: Bengaluru (the startup capital), Delhi-NCR (Gurugram/Noida), Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune, and Chennai.

11. What is the difference between an incubator and an accelerator?

    An incubator nurtures early-stage startups over a flexible, longer period providing space, mentoring, and resources to develop an idea. An accelerator runs fixed-term, cohort-based programs (often 3–6 months) to rapidly scale existing startups, usually ending in a demo day, often for equity.

12. As of recent figures, India ranks where globally in number of startups and unicorns?

    India is the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world (after the US and China) and the third-largest by number of unicorns, with over 100 unicorns.

13. What is the role of T-Hub and what makes it notable in India's ecosystem?

    T-Hub, based in Hyderabad, is one of India's largest startup incubators/innovation hubs, connecting startups with corporates, investors, and government to foster innovation and scaling.

14. Name a few prominent Indian unicorns across sectors.

    Flipkart (e-commerce), Paytm (fintech), Ola (mobility), Byju's (edtech), Zomato and Swiggy (foodtech), OYO (hospitality), Nykaa (beauty e-commerce), and Razorpay (fintech).

15. What is the 'Startup India' initiative and when was it launched?

    A flagship Government of India initiative launched on 16 January 2016 to build a strong startup ecosystem, offering tax benefits, simplified compliance, funding support, and faster IP processing to recognized startups.

16. What is the 'Make in India' initiative?

    Launched on 25 September 2014, Make in India aims to encourage companies to manufacture in India, boost domestic manufacturing, attract foreign investment, and make India a global manufacturing and design hub.

17. What is the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and which body runs it?

    AIM is a flagship initiative of NITI Aayog to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, establishing Atal Tinkering Labs in schools and Atal Incubation Centres to support startups.

18. What is the Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) and who manages it?

    The FFS is a ₹10,000 crore government fund (under Startup India) that does not invest directly in startups but contributes capital to SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (Venture Capital funds), which then invest in startups. It is managed by SIDBI.

19. What are MUDRA loans and the three categories under the PMMY scheme?

    MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) loans under the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana provide collateral-free credit to micro/small enterprises in three categories: Shishu (up to ₹50,000), Kishore (₹50,000–₹5 lakh), and Tarun (₹5 lakh–₹10 lakh).

20. Who is regarded as the 'father of modern entrepreneurship theory' for his work on innovation and creative destruction?

    Joseph Schumpeter, the Austrian economist who emphasized the entrepreneur as an innovator driving economic development through 'creative destruction.'

21. Which economist's achievement motivation theory (n-Ach) links the need for achievement to entrepreneurship?

    David McClelland, who argued that a high Need for Achievement (n-Ach) is a key psychological driver of entrepreneurial behavior, alongside the needs for power and affiliation.

22. Who founded Infosys and is often cited as a model of first-generation Indian entrepreneurship?

    N. R. Narayana Murthy, who co-founded Infosys in 1981 with six others and a small initial capital, building it into a global IT services giant.

23. What entrepreneurial lesson is associated with the Amul case study?

    Amul, built through the cooperative model led by Dr. Verghese Kurien (the 'Father of the White Revolution'), shows how a farmer-owned cooperative (Operation Flood) can create a successful, scalable brand and empower producers—social entrepreneurship at scale.

24. What does the Eric Ries 'Lean Startup' methodology's core feedback loop consist of?

    The Build-Measure-Learn loop: build an MVP, measure how customers respond with real data, and learn whether to pivot or persevere—minimizing waste and accelerating validated learning.

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