AIAPGET Common Pre-Clinical & Para-Clinical Sciences (Shared across AYUSH UG) Syllabus

Common Pre-Clinical & Para-Clinical Sciences (Shared across AYUSH UG) syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Common Pre-Clinical & Para-Clinical Sciences (Shared across AYUSH UG) in AIAPGET, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Human Anatomy

   4 topics

   • Gross anatomy of systems and regions
   • Histology and microscopic anatomy
   • Embryology and developmental anatomy
   • Neuroanatomy basics
2. 2

   Human Physiology & Biochemistry

   4 topics

   • Physiology of major organ systems
   • Nerve-muscle physiology and special senses
   • Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
   • Enzymes, vitamins and clinical biochemistry
3. 3

   Pathology & Microbiology

   4 topics

   • General pathology (inflammation, neoplasia, cell injury)
   • Systemic and clinical pathology
   • General microbiology and immunology
   • Bacteriology, virology and parasitology basics
4. 4

   Forensic Medicine, Toxicology & Pharmacology

   4 topics

   • Medical jurisprudence and medico-legal aspects
   • General and applied toxicology
   • Principles of pharmacology and drug action
   • AYUSH-specific regulatory and ethical framework

Common Pre-Clinical & Para-Clinical Sciences (Shared across AYUSH UG) flashcards for AIAPGET

21 of 50 cards from the Common Pre-Clinical & Para-Clinical Sciences (Shared across AYUSH UG) deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. Name the three layers (tunics) of the wall of arteries and veins, from inside out.

   Tunica intima (endothelium), tunica media (smooth muscle/elastic tissue), and tunica adventitia (connective tissue).

2. Which structures pass through the porta hepatis of the liver?

   The portal triad: hepatic artery proper, portal vein, and the common hepatic (bile) duct, along with nerves and lymphatics.

3. What are the four chambers of the heart and the valves guarding their outlets?

   Right atrium and right ventricle (tricuspid valve, then pulmonary valve); left atrium and left ventricle (mitral/bicuspid valve, then aortic valve).

4. In histology, what distinguishes the three types of muscle tissue?

   Skeletal: striated, multinucleated, voluntary. Cardiac: striated, branched, single/central nucleus, involuntary, intercalated discs. Smooth: non-striated, spindle-shaped, single central nucleus, involuntary.

5. What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?

   Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

6. Name the three germ layers of the trilaminar embryonic disc and one major derivative of each.

   Ectoderm (epidermis, nervous system), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, kidney), endoderm (gut epithelium, liver, pancreas).

7. What is gastrulation in embryology?

   The process during the third week in which the bilaminar disc is converted into a trilaminar (three-germ-layer) embryo through the formation of the primitive streak and migration of epiblast cells.

8. From which embryonic structure does the central nervous system develop?

   The neural tube, formed by neurulation from the neural plate of the ectoderm.

9. Name the three primary brain vesicles of the developing neural tube.

   Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain).

10. List the 12 cranial nerves in order (I-XII).

    Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal.

11. What are the functional components of a reflex arc?

    Receptor, afferent (sensory) neuron, integration center (interneuron in CNS), efferent (motor) neuron, and effector.

12. State the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron and the main ion responsible for it.

    About -70 mV; mainly determined by potassium (K+) efflux through leak channels, maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump.

13. Describe the sequence of an action potential.

    Resting state, depolarization (Na+ influx), repolarization (K+ efflux), hyperpolarization (undershoot), and return to resting potential.

14. What is the all-or-none law of nerve/muscle conduction?

    Once threshold is reached, an action potential fires at full magnitude regardless of stimulus strength; sub-threshold stimuli produce no action potential.

15. Outline the steps of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

    Ca2+ binds troponin, tropomyosin shifts exposing actin binding sites, myosin cross-bridges attach, power stroke pulls actin, ATP detaches myosin, cycle repeats shortening the sarcomere.

16. What is the normal value of cardiac output and the formula to calculate it?

    About 5 L/min. Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate.

17. Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and its normal value.

    The volume of plasma filtered by the glomeruli per unit time; normal is about 125 mL/min (~180 L/day).

18. Name the three special senses receptor types and their primary stimuli.

    Photoreceptors (light - vision), hair cells/mechanoreceptors (sound and balance - hearing/equilibrium), chemoreceptors (taste and smell).

19. What are rods and cones in the retina responsible for?

    Rods: dim light and peripheral/night vision (black-and-white). Cones: bright light, color vision, and visual acuity (concentrated in the fovea).

20. Where does glycolysis occur, and what is its net ATP yield per glucose?

    In the cytoplasm; net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule, producing 2 pyruvate.

21. What is gluconeogenesis and where does it primarily occur?

    The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (lactate, glycerol, amino acids); occurs mainly in the liver (and kidney).

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