AIAPGET Homeopathy Practice of Medicine Syllabus

Practice of Medicine syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Practice of Medicine in AIAPGET Homeopathy, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   General Medicine

   3 topics

   • Cardiology
   • Neurology
   • Respiratory Diseases
2. 2

   Specialties in Medicine

   3 topics

   • Pediatrics
   • Dermatology
   • Psychiatry
3. 3

   Emergency Medicine

   3 topics

   • Acute Conditions
   • First Aid
   • Critical Care

Practice of Medicine flashcards for AIAPGET Homeopathy

21 of 51 cards from the Practice of Medicine deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What ECG finding is the hallmark of an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?

   ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm in two or more contiguous limb leads (or 2 mm in chest leads), often with reciprocal ST depression and later Q-wave formation.

2. Define heart failure and name its two broad functional categories.

   Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump blood sufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs. Categories: HFrEF (reduced ejection fraction, systolic, EF <40%) and HFpEF (preserved ejection fraction, diastolic, EF >=50%).

3. What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

   MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP), i.e. MAP = DBP + 1/3 (Pulse Pressure).

4. List the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes of heart failure.

   Class I: no limitation of activity. Class II: slight limitation, symptoms on ordinary activity. Class III: marked limitation, symptoms on less-than-ordinary activity. Class IV: symptoms at rest.

5. What ECG pattern characterizes atrial fibrillation?

   Irregularly irregular R-R intervals with absent P waves, replaced by fine fibrillatory (f) waves.

6. What are the classic triad of symptoms of severe aortic stenosis?

   Angina (chest pain), syncope, and exertional dyspnoea/heart failure (the 'SAD' triad).

7. Define hypertension by BP threshold (general clinical cut-off).

   Persistent systolic BP >=140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP >=90 mmHg (Stage 1: 140-159/90-99; Stage 2: >=160/100). ACC/AHA lowers the threshold to >=130/80.

8. What is the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) score range and its three components?

   Range 3-15. Components: Eye opening (1-4), Verbal response (1-5), and Motor response (1-6).

9. Differentiate an ischaemic stroke from a haemorrhagic stroke.

   Ischaemic stroke is caused by arterial occlusion (thrombus/embolus) reducing blood flow (~85% of strokes); haemorrhagic stroke is caused by rupture of a blood vessel with bleeding into brain tissue or subarachnoid space (~15%).

10. What is the FAST mnemonic for recognizing stroke?

    Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services.

11. Name the classic CSF finding in bacterial meningitis.

    High opening pressure, raised neutrophils (polymorphs), high protein, and low glucose (CSF:serum glucose ratio <0.4); turbid appearance.

12. What are the cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease?

    Resting tremor (pill-rolling), bradykinesia, rigidity (cogwheel), and postural instability.

13. Define status epilepticus.

    A seizure lasting >=5 minutes, or two or more seizures without full recovery of consciousness between them. It is a neurological emergency.

14. What is the difference between an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion?

    UMN lesion: spastic paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, Babinski positive, no fasciculations. LMN lesion: flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, muscle wasting, fasciculations present.

15. What antibody is characteristically associated with myasthenia gravis?

    Anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies; some patients have anti-MuSK antibodies.

16. Define asthma and give its key reversibility criterion.

    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disorder with reversible bronchoconstriction and hyperresponsiveness. Reversibility: >=12% (and >=200 mL) improvement in FEV1 after a bronchodilator.

17. What spirometry pattern defines COPD?

    An obstructive pattern with post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio <0.70 that is not fully reversible.

18. Differentiate transudative from exudative pleural effusion using Light's criteria.

    Exudate if any one is met: pleural/serum protein >0.5; pleural/serum LDH >0.6; pleural LDH >2/3 upper limit of normal serum LDH. Otherwise it is a transudate.

19. What organism most commonly causes community-acquired pneumonia?

    Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).

20. List the typical features of a tension pneumothorax.

    Severe dyspnoea, tracheal deviation away from affected side, absent breath sounds and hyperresonance on affected side, distended neck veins, hypotension. Treat immediately with needle decompression.

21. What are the four classic components of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    Pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect (VSD).

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