SRMJEEE Biology (Zoology) Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Biology (Zoology) deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. Name two disorders of the digestive system and their causes.

   Jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes due to bile pigment deposition from liver dysfunction) and PEM disorders—Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and Marasmus (protein and calorie deficiency).

2. Differentiate breathing from cellular respiration.

   Breathing (external respiration) is the physical exchange of $\ce{O2}$ and $\ce{CO2}$ between the body and environment; cellular respiration is the intracellular oxidation of food to release energy as ATP.

3. List the parts of the human respiratory system in order of air flow.

   External nostrils → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

4. Where does gas exchange occur and why are alveoli suited for it?

   Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli; they have thin walls, a large surface area, and a rich capillary network allowing efficient diffusion of $\ce{O2}$ and $\ce{CO2}$.

5. How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood?

   About 97% of $\ce{O2}$ is transported bound to haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin ($\ce{Hb + O2 -> HbO2}$); about 3% is dissolved in plasma.

6. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

   About 70% as bicarbonate ions ($\ce{HCO3^-}$), about 20–25% bound to haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin, and about 7% dissolved in plasma.

7. What is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inspiration?

   During inspiration the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and external intercostals contract to raise the ribs, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure so air rushes in.

8. Name the four chambers of the human heart and what each receives or pumps.

   Right atrium (receives deoxygenated blood from body), right ventricle (pumps it to lungs), left atrium (receives oxygenated blood from lungs), left ventricle (pumps it to the body).

9. Name the heart valves and their locations.

   Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle), bicuspid/mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle), and the semilunar valves at the openings of the pulmonary artery and aorta.

10. Distinguish pulmonary from systemic circulation.

    Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs (right ventricle → lungs → left atrium); systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body (left ventricle → body → right atrium).

11. What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

    The sino-atrial node (SA node), located in the wall of the right atrium; it initiates and sets the rhythm of the heartbeat.

12. Name the formed elements of blood and their primary functions.

    Erythrocytes (RBCs) transport gases via haemoglobin; leucocytes (WBCs) provide immunity/defence; thrombocytes (platelets) help in blood clotting.

13. What are the excretory products and modes of excretion that define ammonotelic, ureotelic, and uricotelic animals?

    Ammonotelic excrete ammonia (aquatic animals, e.g. bony fishes); ureotelic excrete urea (mammals, amphibians); uricotelic excrete uric acid (birds, reptiles, insects).

14. Name the parts of the human urinary system.

    A pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.

15. What is the nephron and its two main structural parts?

    The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney; it consists of the Malpighian body (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) and the renal tubule (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT).

16. List the three main steps of urine formation.

    Glomerular filtration (in the Bowman's capsule), tubular reabsorption (of useful substances like glucose, ions, water), and tubular secretion (of $\ce{H+}$, $\ce{K+}$, $\ce{NH3}$).

17. Which hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidney and how?

    ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin) increases water reabsorption from the DCT and collecting duct, producing concentrated urine and conserving body water.

18. Name the three types of muscles based on location and control.

    Skeletal (striated, voluntary, attached to bones), smooth/visceral (non-striated, involuntary, in internal organs), and cardiac (striated, involuntary, in the heart).

19. What are the contractile proteins of muscle and the basic contractile unit?

    Actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) are the contractile proteins; the sarcomere is the basic functional contractile unit of a myofibril.

20. State the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction in brief.

    Muscle contraction occurs when actin (thin) filaments slide over myosin (thick) filaments, shortening the sarcomere; this requires $\ce{Ca^2+}$ and ATP.

21. How many bones are in the adult human skeleton and what are its two divisions?

    The adult human skeleton has 206 bones, divided into the axial skeleton (80 bones: skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and the appendicular skeleton (126 bones: limbs and girdles).

22. Define a joint and name the three structural types.

    A joint is the point of contact between bones (or bone and cartilage). Types: fibrous (immovable, e.g. skull sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, e.g. between vertebrae), and synovial (freely movable, e.g. knee).

23. Give examples of synovial joints by type of movement.

    Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder, hip), hinge joint (knee, elbow), pivot joint (between atlas and axis), gliding joint (between carpals), and saddle joint (thumb).

24. Differentiate tendons and ligaments.

    Tendons are dense connective tissue connecting muscle to bone; ligaments are dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone at joints.

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