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CSS Criminology Juvenile Delinquency and Justice Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Juvenile Delinquency and Justice as it is examined in CSS Criminology. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Juvenile Delinquency and Justice deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is "disposition" in juvenile court?
The juvenile-court equivalent of sentencing — after adjudication, the court decides the appropriate treatment/placement (probation, counseling, institutional commitment) based on the child's needs.
What is a "waiver" or "transfer" (certification) in juvenile justice?
The process by which a juvenile case is moved from juvenile court to adult criminal court (for serious offenses), so the youth is tried and punished as an adult.
What is "detention" in the juvenile pretrial stage?
The temporary holding of a juvenile in a secure or non-secure facility pending adjudication, used when the youth poses a risk of flight, danger, or further offending; favored law mandates it be a last resort.
Define "probation" in the juvenile justice context.
A court-ordered period of community supervision in lieu of incarceration, during which the juvenile must comply with conditions (school attendance, curfew, counseling, reporting to a probation officer) under threat of revocation.
Define "diversion" in juvenile justice.
The practice of channeling juveniles away from formal court processing into informal programs (counseling, restitution, community service, mediation) to avoid the stigma and harm of formal adjudication.
What is the main rationale behind diversion programs?
To minimize the stigmatizing/labeling effects of formal processing, reduce court caseloads, and rehabilitate the youth in the community — based on labeling theory's insight that formal handling can deepen delinquency.
How does labeling theory relate to diversion and juvenile justice?
Labeling theory (Becker, Lemert) holds that formally labeling a youth "delinquent" can produce a self-fulfilling prophecy and secondary deviance; diversion seeks to avoid this stigma by keeping youths out of the formal system.
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance (Lemert)?
Primary deviance is the initial rule-breaking act with little effect on self-concept; secondary deviance is deviance that results after labeling, when the person adopts a deviant identity in response to societal reaction.
What is "restorative justice" as a diversion alternative for juveniles?
An approach focusing on repairing harm to victims and community through dialogue, restitution, victim-offender mediation, and community service, rather than punishment — reintegrating the offender.
What are the main types of juvenile correctional institutions?
Non-secure (group homes, foster care, shelters) and secure facilities (detention centers, training schools/reformatories, borstal institutions); plus community-based residential programs.
What is a "Borstal Institution"?
A type of youth detention/reformatory center for young offenders emphasizing education, vocational training, and discipline-based rehabilitation; in Pakistan, borstal institutions house juveniles under the Sindh Borstal Schools and related laws.
What is the primary objective of juvenile correctional institutions?
Rehabilitation and reintegration of the juvenile through education, vocational training, counseling, and reform — not retribution or deterrence as in adult prisons.
What is an "Observation Home" / "Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre"?
Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, a Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre is a place established/certified by government to keep, educate, train, and rehabilitate juveniles separately from adult prisoners.
When was the Juvenile Justice System Act passed in Pakistan, and what did it replace?
The Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 was enacted in 2018, replacing the earlier Juvenile Justice System Ordinance (JJSO) 2000.
What is the maximum age limit for a "juvenile" under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018?
Under 18 years of age at the time of commission of the offence.
What three categories of offences does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 classify offences into?
Minor offences (punishable up to 3 years imprisonment), Major offences (punishable 3 to 7 years), and Heinous offences (punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment exceeding 7 years).
Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, how is a "minor offence" defined?
An offence for which the maximum punishment under the Pakistan Penal Code or any other law is imprisonment up to three years with or without fine.
Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, how is a "heinous offence" defined?
An offence which is serious, gruesome, brutal, sensational, or shocking to public morality, punishable under law with death, imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for more than seven years.
What does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 require regarding Juvenile Justice Committees?
It provides for establishment of Juvenile Justice Committees (comprising a judicial magistrate, a member of local bar, a serving police officer, and a social welfare/probation officer) to dispose of cases through diversion.
What is the diversion mechanism under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018?
For minor and major offences, cases may be referred to a Juvenile Justice Committee for disposal through diversion — restitution, supervision, community service, or written apology — avoiding formal trial.
What right to legal assistance does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 guarantee?
Every juvenile has the right to legal assistance at state expense; the state must provide a lawyer if the juvenile or guardian cannot afford one.
How does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 treat bail for juveniles?
It liberalizes bail — a juvenile accused of a minor or major offence is to be released on bail, and even in heinous offences the court has discretion to grant bail if it serves the juvenile's welfare; juveniles cannot be kept with adult prisoners.
What does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 say about the determination of a juvenile's age?
If a question of age arises, the court must record a finding on age based on available evidence (birth certificate, school records, or medical examination) before proceeding.
What prohibition on punishment does the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 impose?
No juvenile shall be awarded the death penalty, sentenced to hard labour, or handcuffed/fettered/given corporal punishment; juveniles must be kept separate from adult offenders.
What this deck covers
The Juvenile Delinquency and Justice deck follows the CSS Criminology Juvenile Delinquency and Justice syllabus — 2 chapters and 9 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 25.5 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 190 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Juvenile Delinquency and Justice flashcards FAQ
How many Juvenile Delinquency and Justice flashcards are in this CSS Criminology deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these CSS Criminology flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Juvenile Delinquency and Justice cards cover?
They follow the CSS Criminology Juvenile Delinquency and Justice syllabus — 2 chapters and 9 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.