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🇵🇰 CSS Criminology · flashcards
CSS Criminology Crime and Criminals Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Crime and Criminals as it is examined in CSS Criminology. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Crime and Criminals deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is money laundering?
The process of disguising the origins of illegally obtained money so that it appears to come from a legitimate source, allowing criminals to use the proceeds without detection.
What are the three classic stages of money laundering?
Placement (introducing illicit cash into the financial system), Layering (separating proceeds from their source through complex transactions), and Integration (returning the laundered funds to the criminal as apparently legitimate assets).
What happens during the placement stage of money laundering?
The criminal physically introduces 'dirty' cash into the financial system, e.g. by depositing it into banks, buying assets, or using cash-intensive businesses, the riskiest and most detectable stage.
What happens during the layering stage of money laundering?
The launderer moves funds through multiple complex transactions, transfers, and shell companies to obscure the audit trail and distance the money from its illegal origin.
What happens during the integration stage of money laundering?
The laundered money re-enters the legitimate economy as seemingly clean funds, e.g. through investments, real estate, or business income, available for the criminal's use.
What is financial crime?
Non-violent crime resulting in financial loss, including fraud, embezzlement, money laundering, tax evasion, bribery, insider trading, and terrorist financing, typically motivated by economic gain.
Which Pakistani law and body deal with anti-money laundering?
The Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010, with the Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU) as the financial intelligence unit; the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) sets international AML/CFT standards.
What is victimology?
The scientific study of victims of crime, including their characteristics, their relationship to offenders, their role in the criminal event, and their treatment by the criminal justice system.
Who are considered the 'fathers' of victimology?
Hans von Hentig and Benjamin Mendelsohn; Mendelsohn coined the term 'victimology' in the 1940s and is often called the 'father of victimology'.
What is the scope of victimology?
It covers the causes and patterns of victimization, victim-offender relationships, typologies of victims, the impact of crime on victims, victims' role in the justice process, and victim rights, compensation, and assistance.
What is 'victim precipitation'?
The concept that a victim's own behavior may initiate, provoke, or contribute to the criminal act, introduced through Marvin Wolfgang's study of homicide where the victim was the first to use force.
What is the difference between primary and secondary victimization?
Primary victimization is the direct harm from the criminal act itself. Secondary victimization is the additional harm a victim suffers from the response of the justice system, institutions, or society (e.g. insensitive police, blaming, repeated questioning).
What is Hans von Hentig's contribution to victim typology?
He classified victims based on biological, psychological, and social factors and emphasized the dynamic interaction between victim and offender, identifying categories such as the young, the elderly, women, the mentally defective, and the depressed.
Outline Mendelsohn's typology of victims based on culpability.
(1) Completely innocent victim, (2) victim with minor guilt, (3) victim as guilty as the offender, (4) victim more guilty than offender, (5) most guilty victim (e.g. aggressor killed in self-defense), and (6) imaginary/simulating victim.
In Mendelsohn's typology, who is the 'completely innocent' victim?
The ideal victim who bears no responsibility for the offence, such as a child or an unconscious person who in no way provoked or contributed to the crime.
What did Benjamin Mendelsohn base his victim classification on?
The degree of the victim's culpability or contribution to the crime, ranging from completely innocent to most guilty.
What is meant by the victim-offender relationship?
The nature and degree of prior connection between victim and offender, ranging from strangers to acquaintances, friends, family, or intimate partners, which influences crime type, reporting, and prosecution.
How does the victim-offender relationship affect crime reporting?
Crimes by intimates or family members (e.g. domestic violence, sexual assault) are often underreported due to fear, shame, dependency, or loyalty, while stranger crimes tend to be reported more readily.
What are victim rights?
Legal entitlements granted to crime victims, such as the right to be informed, to be present and heard in proceedings, to protection, to restitution/compensation, to privacy, and to dignified and respectful treatment.
What is victim compensation?
Monetary payment to victims to offset losses from crime; restitution is paid by the offender to the victim, while state compensation is paid by the government, often for violent crimes where the offender cannot pay.
Distinguish restitution from compensation.
Restitution is money paid by the offender to the victim as ordered by the court to repair harm. Compensation is financial aid provided by the state to victims (especially of violent crime), independent of whether the offender is caught or able to pay.
What is the UN Declaration relevant to victim rights?
The UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985), which sets out victims' rights to access to justice, fair treatment, restitution, compensation, and assistance.
What four core rights does the 1985 UN Declaration grant crime victims?
Access to justice and fair treatment, restitution (from offenders), compensation (from the state), and assistance (material, medical, psychological, and social support).
What is restorative justice in relation to victims?
An approach that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime through reconciliation between victim, offender, and community, often via victim-offender mediation, giving victims a voice and emphasizing accountability and restoration over pure punishment.
What this deck covers
The Crime and Criminals deck follows the CSS Criminology Crime and Criminals syllabus — 3 chapters and 12 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 17.0 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 202 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Crime and Criminals flashcards FAQ
How many Crime and Criminals flashcards are in this CSS Criminology deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these CSS Criminology flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Crime and Criminals cards cover?
They follow the CSS Criminology Crime and Criminals syllabus — 3 chapters and 12 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.