CS (Company Secretary) CSEET: Business Communication and Legal Aptitude Flashcards

24 sample cards from the CSEET: Business Communication and Legal Aptitude deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. Define 'consideration' under the Indian Contract Act.

   Consideration is something (an act, abstinence, or promise) done or given at the desire of the promisor in return for a promise — 'quid pro quo' (something for something). A contract without consideration is generally void.

2. What is the difference between a void agreement and a voidable contract?

   A void agreement is not enforceable by law from the beginning (void ab initio); a voidable contract is valid until set aside, enforceable at the option of one aggrieved party (e.g., consent obtained by coercion or fraud).

3. What is a tort in law?

   A tort is a civil wrong (other than breach of contract) for which the remedy is unliquidated damages; examples include negligence, nuisance, defamation, and trespass.

4. What is jurisprudence?

   Jurisprudence is the theory, philosophy, and science of law — the study of the principles, sources, and nature of law itself.

5. Name the major schools of jurisprudence.

   Natural Law school, Analytical/Positivist school (Austin, Bentham), Historical school (Savigny), Sociological school (Roscoe Pound), and Realist school.

6. According to Austin's analytical school, what is law?

   Austin defined law as the 'command of the sovereign backed by sanction' — imperative theory of law (positive law).

7. What is the difference between 'ratio decidendi' and 'obiter dicta'?

   Ratio decidendi is the binding legal principle/reason on which a case is decided; obiter dicta are incidental observations by a judge that are persuasive but not binding.

8. What does the maxim 'Audi Alteram Partem' mean?

   'Hear the other side' — a principle of natural justice requiring that no one should be condemned unheard; both parties must be given a fair opportunity to present their case.

9. What does the legal maxim 'Ignorantia juris non excusat' mean?

   'Ignorance of the law is no excuse' — a person cannot escape liability merely by claiming they were unaware of the law.

10. What does 'Ubi jus ibi remedium' mean?

    'Where there is a right, there is a remedy' — for every legal right that is infringed, the law provides a remedy.

11. What does 'Nemo judex in causa sua' mean?

    'No one should be a judge in his own cause' — a principle of natural justice requiring the rule against bias; the decision-maker must be impartial.

12. What is a syllogism in logical reasoning? Give the standard form.

    A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion. Example: All men are mortal (major premise); Socrates is a man (minor premise); therefore, Socrates is mortal (conclusion).

13. In blood relation puzzles, who is the son of my grandfather's only son?

    Your brother (your grandfather's only son is your father, so his son is your brother — or yourself).

14. In a coding-decoding problem, if EARTH is coded as FBSUI, what is the coding rule?

    Each letter is shifted forward by +1 in the alphabet (E→F, A→B, R→S, T→U, H→I).

15. What is the formula for compound interest, and how does it differ from simple interest?

    Simple Interest = (P×R×T)/100. Compound Interest amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T, so CI = A − P. SI is calculated only on principal; CI is calculated on principal plus accumulated interest.

16. What is the formula relating Speed, Distance, and Time?

    Speed = Distance / Time; therefore Distance = Speed × Time and Time = Distance / Speed.

17. How do you calculate profit percentage and loss percentage?

    Profit% = (Profit/Cost Price)×100 and Loss% = (Loss/Cost Price)×100, where Profit = SP − CP and Loss = CP − SP. Percentages are always on cost price unless stated otherwise.

18. What is the formula for the average (arithmetic mean) of a set of values?

    Average = (Sum of all observations) / (Number of observations).

19. What is the difference between mean, median, and mode in data interpretation?

    Mean is the arithmetic average; median is the middle value when data is arranged in order; mode is the most frequently occurring value.

20. In a pie chart, how do you convert a percentage of data into degrees?

    Degrees = (Percentage/100) × 360°; equivalently, each 1% equals 3.6° of the circle.

21. What is the law of demand in economics?

    Other things being equal, as the price of a good rises, its quantity demanded falls, and as the price falls, quantity demanded rises — an inverse relationship shown by a downward-sloping demand curve.

22. What are the four factors of production in economics?

    Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools/money), and Entrepreneurship (organization and risk-taking). Their rewards are rent, wages, interest, and profit respectively.

23. What does the PESTLE framework analyse in the business environment?

    Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors — the macro-environmental factors affecting a business.

24. What are the five functions of management as defined by Henri Fayol (POSDC)?

    Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling — the core functions of the management process.

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CSEET: Business Communication and Legal Aptitude flashcards FAQ