UGC NET Physical Education Subject -VI Syllabus

List general methods of preventing communicable diseases 'through other means' besides immunization.

Maintaining personal and environmental hygiene, safe water and food, sanitation, vector control, isolation/quarantine of patients, health education, and a balanced diet to build resistance.

Define immunization.

Immunization is the process of making a person resistant (immune) to an infectious disease, typically by administering a vaccine that stimulates the body's immune system to produce protective antibodies.

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

Active immunity is produced by the body itself after exposure to an antigen (infection or vaccine) and is long-lasting; passive immunity is acquired by receiving ready-made antibodies (e.g., from mother or antiserum) and is short-lived.

Name three diseases covered under India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).

Tuberculosis (BCG), diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), polio, measles, and hepatitis B.

What is the BCG vaccine used to prevent?

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is given to protect against tuberculosis.

Give the causes, two symptoms, and prevention of diabetes mellitus.

Cause: insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance; Symptoms: excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, slow wound healing; Prevention: balanced diet, regular exercise, weight control, and avoiding excess sugar.

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

$$BMI = \frac{\text{weight (kg)}}{[\text{height (m)}]^{2}}$$

State the WHO BMI classification ranges for adults.

Underweight: $BMI < 18.5$; Normal: $18.5 \leq BMI \leq 24.9$; Overweight: $25.0 \leq BMI \leq 29.9$; Obese: $BMI \geq 30.0$.

Why is body weight control significant for health?

Maintaining ideal body weight reduces the risk of obesity-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and joint disorders, and improves fitness, longevity, and quality of life.

What is the basic energy-balance principle governing body weight?

Body weight remains stable when energy intake equals energy expenditure; weight is gained when intake exceeds expenditure and lost when expenditure exceeds intake. Symbolically, $\Delta\text{Weight} \propto (\text{Energy In} - \text{Energy Out})$.

Approximately how many kilocalories equal one kilogram of body fat?

Approximately $7700$ kcal of energy deficit/surplus corresponds to about $1\ \text{kg}$ of body fat ($\approx 3500$ kcal per pound).

Explain the role of exercise in weight control.

Exercise increases energy (calorie) expenditure, builds and preserves lean muscle mass, raises basal metabolic rate, and helps create the negative energy balance needed for fat loss while maintaining fitness.

Explain the role of dieting in weight control.

Dieting controls weight by reducing caloric intake and improving food quality, creating a negative energy balance; an effective diet is balanced, sustainable, and provides adequate nutrients while limiting excess calories.

Why is a combination of exercise and dieting the most effective approach to weight control?

Together they widen the energy gap—diet lowers intake while exercise raises expenditure—producing greater fat loss, preserving muscle mass and metabolism, and giving more sustainable, healthier results than either method alone.

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

BMR is the minimum amount of energy (calories) the body needs at complete rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production over 24 hours.

Define obesity in terms of body composition.

Obesity is the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that presents a risk to health, generally indicated by a $BMI \geq 30$ or excessive body-fat percentage.

Define first aid.

First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before professional medical help is available, to preserve life, prevent worsening, and promote recovery.

State the three primary objectives (aims) of first aid.

To preserve life, to prevent the condition from worsening (prevent further injury), and to promote recovery (relieve pain and aid healing).

List four basic principles of first aid.

Assess the situation and ensure safety, do no further harm, restore breathing/circulation (ABC), and arrange prompt transfer to professional medical care while reassuring the victim.

What do the letters A-B-C stand for in first aid/CPR?

A = Airway (open and clear the airway), B = Breathing (restore breathing), C = Circulation (maintain blood circulation, e.g., chest compressions).

What is the recommended first aid for a simple fracture?

Immobilize the injured part using a splint without moving the broken bone, control any bleeding, apply cold to reduce swelling, do not attempt to set the bone, and transport the victim to hospital.

Describe the first-aid (R.I.C.E.) procedure for a sprain.

R.I.C.E.: Rest the injured part, apply Ice to reduce swelling, apply Compression with a bandage, and Elevate the limb above heart level.

What is the immediate first aid for minor (first-degree) burns?

Cool the burn with clean running water for about 10 minutes, remove tight items near the area, cover with a clean non-stick dressing, and do not apply ice, butter, or ointments or burst blisters.

What first aid should be given for drowning?

Remove the victim from water, clear the airway, check breathing, begin rescue breathing/CPR if not breathing, keep the victim warm, and seek medical help immediately.

What is the first aid for fainting (syncope)?

Lay the person down and raise the legs to improve blood flow to the brain, loosen tight clothing, ensure fresh air, and once conscious give sips of water; seek help if they do not recover quickly.

What is the first-aid treatment for heat stroke?

Move the victim to a cool, shaded place, remove excess clothing, cool the body rapidly with cold water or wet cloths and fanning, give fluids if conscious, and obtain medical aid urgently.

How should external bleeding (cut/wound) be controlled in first aid?

Apply direct pressure on the wound with a clean cloth, elevate the injured part above heart level if possible, apply a pressure bandage, and seek medical help if bleeding is severe.

What is the role of regular physical exercise in achieving and maintaining health?

Regular exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, improves circulation and muscle tone, controls body weight, reduces stress, prevents lifestyle diseases, and enhances overall physical and mental well-being.

What is health-related quality of life dependent on, according to the determinants of health?

It depends on biological/genetic factors, environment (physical and social), lifestyle/behaviour, and the availability of health-care services.

What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease?

Primary prevention stops disease before it occurs (e.g., immunization, healthy lifestyle); secondary prevention detects and treats disease early (e.g., screening); tertiary prevention reduces complications and disability in established disease (e.g., rehabilitation).

State the first aid for an electric shock victim.

First switch off the power source or separate the victim from the current using a non-conductor (dry wood), do not touch the victim directly while live, check breathing and circulation, begin CPR if needed, and call for medical help.