NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment Syllabus

Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment in NUMS Entry Test, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Logical Deduction

   3 topics

   • Syllogisms
   • Statements and conclusions
   • Cause and effect
2. 2

   Pattern Recognition

   2 topics

   • Series completion
   • Analogy and classification
3. 3

   Critical Thinking

   2 topics

   • Assumptions and arguments
   • Problem solving
4. 4

   Analytical Reasoning

   3 topics

   • Seating arrangements and ordering
   • Coding and decoding
   • Data interpretation

Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment flashcards for NUMS Entry Test

22 of 50 cards from the Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is a syllogism in logical reasoning?

   A syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises (statements) and a conclusion, where the conclusion logically follows from the premises if it is valid.

2. In syllogisms, what do the four standard categorical statement types A, E, I, and O represent?

   A = Universal Affirmative (All S are P); E = Universal Negative (No S is P); I = Particular Affirmative (Some S are P); O = Particular Negative (Some S are not P).

3. What is the rule about deriving a definite conclusion from two particular premises in a syllogism?

   No definite conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises (e.g., 'Some...' and 'Some...'); at least one premise must be universal.

4. In syllogisms, what conclusion can follow from two negative premises?

   No valid conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises; at least one premise must be affirmative.

5. What is the 'middle term' in a syllogism and what is its role?

   The middle term is the term common to both premises but absent from the conclusion; it links the two premises and must be distributed at least once for a valid conclusion.

6. In syllogism, if both premises are affirmative, what must the conclusion be?

   If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative (it cannot be negative).

7. What does it mean that a syllogistic conclusion follows by 'immediate inference' (conversion)?

   Conversion produces a valid inference by interchanging subject and predicate: 'Some S are P' converts to 'Some P are S', and 'No S is P' converts to 'No P is S'; 'All S are P' converts only to 'Some P are S'.

8. What is a 'statement and conclusion' question in logical reasoning?

   A question giving one or more statements assumed to be true, followed by conclusions; the task is to decide which conclusion(s) logically and definitely follow from the given statements.

9. In 'statements and conclusions', what is the key rule for accepting a conclusion?

   A conclusion must follow strictly and necessarily from the given statement(s); it cannot rely on outside knowledge, assumptions, or probability.

10. What is the difference between a 'conclusion' and an 'inference' in logical reasoning?

    A conclusion is a judgment that directly and definitely follows from the stated facts, while an inference is a logical guess derived from the facts that is likely but not always explicitly stated.

11. What is the relationship called when two conclusions are such that one must be true if the other is false (and vice versa)?

    Either-or relationship (complementary pair); it occurs when conclusions share the same subject and predicate but differ as one positive and one negative, together covering all possibilities.

12. What is meant by 'cause and effect' reasoning?

    It is the relationship where one event (cause) directly produces or brings about another event (effect); the cause precedes and is responsible for the effect.

13. In cause-and-effect questions, what distinguishes the 'cause' from the 'effect'?

    The cause is the event that occurs first and leads to the result; the effect is the event that occurs later as a consequence of the cause.

14. What is an 'independent cause' in cause-and-effect analysis?

    An independent cause is an event that occurs on its own, not as a result of any other event mentioned, and may itself produce an effect.

15. What is the difference between correlation and causation in cause-and-effect reasoning?

    Correlation means two events occur together or are related, while causation means one event actually produces the other; correlation does not prove causation.

16. What is a 'common cause' situation in cause-and-effect questions?

    A situation where both stated events are independent effects produced by some third, common underlying cause rather than one causing the other.

17. What is a number/letter 'series completion' problem?

    A problem giving a sequence following a hidden pattern (arithmetic, geometric, alternating, etc.), where the task is to identify the rule and find the missing or next term.

18. In series completion, what defines an arithmetic series and how is its next term found?

    An arithmetic series has a constant common difference between consecutive terms; the next term is found by adding that common difference to the last term.

19. In series completion, what defines a geometric series?

    A geometric series has a constant common ratio between consecutive terms; each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by that fixed ratio.

20. What is an alternating (mixed) series in series completion?

    A series formed by two or more interwoven patterns, where alternate terms follow separate rules (e.g., odd-position terms increase by one rule, even-position terms by another).

21. In letter series, how are positions of English alphabet letters typically used to find patterns?

    Each letter is assigned its position number (A=1, B=2, ... Z=26), and patterns are found by analyzing differences or jumps between those position values.

22. What is an 'analogy' in logical reasoning?

    An analogy is a relationship of similarity between two pairs of items; the task is to identify the relationship in the given pair and apply the same relationship to complete another pair (A:B :: C:?).

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