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INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine Syllabus
The Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus for INI CET in full: 10 chapters, 38 topics and 116 sub-topics, every one listed below, plus 51 Social and Preventive Medicine flashcards with answers.
Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus: all 10 chapters
Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics.
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Introduction to Social and Preventive Medicine (SPM)
3 topics- Definition, scope, and importance of SPM in public health
- Historical perspective of public health and evolution of preventive medicine
- Principles of primary health care and the role of SPM in disease prevention and health promotion
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Epidemiology
4 topics- Basic concepts in epidemiology
- Disease frequency
- Measures of disease occurrence
- Measures of association
- Types of epidemiological studies
- Descriptive studies
- Analytical studies (case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies)
- Experimental studies
- Measures of disease spread and outbreak investigation
- Incidence
- Prevalence
- Attack rate
- Epidemic curve
- Steps in outbreak investigation
- Screening and diagnostic tests
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Predictive values
- Likelihood ratios
- Basic concepts in epidemiology
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Biostatistics
4 topics- Introduction to biostatistics
- Descriptive statistics
- Measures of central tendency
- Dispersion
- Normal distribution
- Probability and sampling
- Probability distributions
- Sampling techniques
- Sampling error
- Inferential statistics
- Hypothesis testing
- Confidence intervals
- t-tests
- chi-square tests
- Regression analysis
- Epidemiological software and data analysis
- Use of software packages for data management
- Analysis
- Presentation
- Introduction to biostatistics
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Health Information Systems
3 topics- Health information management
- Electronic health records (EHR)
- Health information exchange (HIE)
- Health data standards
- Disease surveillance systems
- National and international surveillance systems for monitoring disease trends, outbreaks, and epidemics
- Health indicators and health status assessment
- Measurement of population health indicators
- Morbidity and mortality rates
- Health-related quality of life
- Health information management
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Health Promotion and Education
4 topics- Health behavior theories
- Health belief model
- Social cognitive theory
- Stages of change model
- Health promotion strategies
- Community-based interventions
- Social marketing
- Health education campaigns
- Behavior change communication
- Health education methods
- Individual counseling
- Group education
- Community mobilization
- Mass media campaigns
- Community participation and empowerment
- Community organizing
- Participatory approaches
- Empowerment strategies for health promotion
- Health behavior theories
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Environmental Health
4 topics- Environmental health hazards
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Soil contamination
- Occupational hazards
- Environmental epidemiology
- Investigation of environmental exposures and health outcomes
- Environmental risk assessment
- Environmental justice
- Environmental health regulations and policies
- Legislation
- Standards
- Regulatory agencies for environmental protection
- Climate change and health
- Impact of climate change on health
- Adaptation strategies
- Mitigation measures
- Environmental health hazards
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Nutrition and Public Health
4 topics- Nutritional epidemiology
- Assessment of dietary intake
- Assessment of nutritional status
- Nutritional determinants of health
- Malnutrition and Nutritional Deficiencies
- Types of malnutrition
- Micronutrient deficiencies
- Nutritional interventions
- Public Health Nutrition Programs
- Food fortification
- Supplementation
- Nutrition education
- School feeding programs
- Obesity and Chronic Diseases
- Epidemiology of obesity
- Diet-related chronic diseases
- Obesity prevention strategies
- Nutritional epidemiology
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Maternal and Child Health
4 topics- Maternal and child health indicators
- Maternal mortality rate
- Infant mortality rate
- Under-five mortality rate
- Neonatal mortality rate
- Antenatal care and safe motherhood
- Maternal health services
- Prenatal screening
- Prevention of maternal and neonatal complications
- Child health services
- Immunization programs
- Growth monitoring
- Nutritional supplementation
- Child development services
- Adolescent health
- Adolescent-friendly health services
- Reproductive health education
- Prevention of adolescent risk behaviors
- Maternal and child health indicators
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Occupational Health
4 topics- Occupational health hazards
- Physical hazards in the workplace
- Chemical hazards in the workplace
- Biological hazards in the workplace
- Psychosocial hazards in the workplace
- Occupational diseases
- Types of occupational diseases
- Surveillance of occupational diseases
- Prevention measures for occupational diseases
- Occupational safety and health regulations
- Occupational safety standards
- Workplace safety programs
- Occupational health and safety management systems
- Ergonomics and workplace wellness
- Design of ergonomic workspaces
- Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders
- Promotion of employee health and well-being
- Occupational health hazards
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Health Policy and Management
4 topics- Health policy development
- Policy formulation
- Policy implementation
- Policy evaluation in public health
- Health systems and services
- Structure of health systems
- Organization of health services
- Delivery of health services at national, regional, and local levels
- Health financing and health insurance
- Models of health financing
- Health insurance schemes
- Health expenditure analysis
- Health governance and leadership
- Role of governments in health governance
- Role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in health governance
- Role of international agencies in health leadership
- Health policy development
INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine flashcards — 51 questions with answers
Define Social and Preventive Medicine (SPM).
SPM is the branch of medicine dealing with prevention of disease, promotion of health, and prolongation of life through organized community efforts, integrating social, behavioral, and biological determinants of health.
What are the four levels of prevention in public health?
Primordial prevention (preventing emergence of risk factors), primary prevention (preventing disease onset), secondary prevention (early detection/treatment), and tertiary prevention (limiting disability and rehabilitation).
Who is regarded as the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology' and for what landmark work?
John Snow, for tracing the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak in London to a contaminated water pump, demonstrating waterborne transmission before the germ theory.
What are the elements of primary health care as defined by the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration?
The 8 elements (ELEMENTS): Education on health problems, Local disease control, Expanded immunization, Maternal & child health/family planning, Essential drugs, Nutrition, Treatment of common diseases/injuries, Safe water & sanitation.
State the four principles (pillars) of primary health care.
Equitable distribution, community participation, intersectoral coordination, and appropriate technology.
Define epidemiology.
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
What is the epidemiological triad?
The interaction of three factors causing disease: Agent (causative factor), Host (susceptible individual), and Environment (external conditions enabling agent-host interaction).
Differentiate incidence from prevalence.
Incidence = number of NEW cases occurring in a population over a period (measures risk). Prevalence = total existing cases (old + new) at a point/period (measures burden). Prevalence ≈ Incidence × Duration.
Give the formula for incidence rate.
Incidence rate = (Number of new cases of a disease during a specified period / Population at risk during that period) × 1000.
List the main types of observational epidemiological studies.
Descriptive studies (case reports, case series, ecological, cross-sectional) and analytical studies (case-control and cohort).
Compare cohort and case-control studies in direction of inquiry.
Cohort studies proceed from exposure to outcome (forward, prospective); case-control studies proceed from outcome to exposure (backward, retrospective).
Which measure of association is calculated in a case-control study and why?
The odds ratio (OR), because incidence cannot be directly measured; OR estimates relative risk when the disease is rare.
Give the formula for relative risk (RR).
RR = Incidence in exposed / Incidence in unexposed = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]. RR=1 no association, >1 increased risk, <1 protective.
Give the formula for the odds ratio (OR) using a 2×2 table.
OR = (a×d) / (b×c), where a=exposed cases, b=exposed controls, c=unexposed cases, d=unexposed controls.
What is attributable risk (AR)?
AR = Incidence in exposed − Incidence in unexposed. It indicates the amount of disease incidence attributable to the exposure (the excess risk).
Define an epidemic, endemic, and pandemic.
Endemic = constant/usual presence of disease in a population/area. Epidemic = occurrence clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Pandemic = epidemic spreading over several countries/continents affecting large numbers.
List the key steps of an outbreak investigation.
Verify diagnosis, confirm existence of an outbreak, define a case & count cases, describe by time/place/person, formulate & test hypotheses, institute control measures, and report findings.
Distinguish point-source from propagated epidemic curves.
Point-source: single sharp peak, cases within one incubation period. Propagated (progressive): series of successively taller peaks one incubation period apart, indicating person-to-person spread.
Define sensitivity and specificity of a screening test.
Sensitivity = ability to correctly identify those WITH disease = TP/(TP+FN). Specificity = ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT disease = TN/(TN+FP).
Define positive predictive value (PPV) and how prevalence affects it.
PPV = TP/(TP+FP) = probability a person with a positive test truly has the disease. PPV increases as disease prevalence increases.
Show the other 31 Social and Preventive Medicine flashcards
What is lead-time bias in screening?
Apparent increase in survival time caused by earlier diagnosis through screening, without actually delaying death—survival appears longer only because the disease was detected earlier.
Differentiate the mean, median, and mode.
Mean = arithmetic average (sum/n). Median = middle value when data ordered. Mode = most frequently occurring value.
When is the median preferred over the mean as a measure of central tendency?
When data are skewed or contain outliers, because the median is not affected by extreme values, whereas the mean is.
Define standard deviation and standard error.
Standard deviation (SD) measures the spread/variability of individual observations around the mean. Standard error (SE = SD/√n) measures the precision of the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.
What features define the normal (Gaussian) distribution?
Bell-shaped, symmetrical, mean=median=mode; ~68% of data within ±1 SD, ~95% within ±2 SD, ~99.7% within ±3 SD.
Distinguish probability sampling from non-probability sampling.
Probability sampling: every unit has a known, non-zero chance of selection (e.g., simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster). Non-probability sampling: selection by convenience/judgment, without known probability (e.g., convenience, quota, purposive).
Differentiate stratified sampling from cluster sampling.
Stratified: population divided into homogeneous strata, samples drawn from each (increases precision). Cluster: population divided into heterogeneous clusters, whole clusters randomly selected (cheaper, used for wide areas).
State the null hypothesis and what a p-value represents.
Null hypothesis (H0) states there is no difference/association. The p-value is the probability of obtaining the observed (or more extreme) result if H0 is true; p<0.05 is conventionally significant.
Define Type I and Type II errors.
Type I (alpha) error: rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive). Type II (beta) error: failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative). Power = 1 − beta.
When is a chi-square test used versus a Student's t-test?
Chi-square test: association between two categorical variables. Student's t-test: comparison of means of a continuous variable between two groups.
What is a 95% confidence interval?
A range of values that, with 95% confidence, contains the true population parameter; if a CI for RR/OR includes 1.0, the result is not statistically significant.
Name commonly used epidemiological/statistical software for data analysis.
Epi Info (CDC, free), SPSS, STATA, SAS, R, and OpenEpi—used for data entry, management, and statistical analysis in public health.
What are the WHO three components of a Health Information System?
Data generation/collection, compilation/analysis, and communication/use for decision-making; sources include census, vital registration, disease surveillance, surveys, and health service records.
Differentiate active from passive disease surveillance.
Passive surveillance: health facilities routinely report cases (cheaper, under-reporting common). Active surveillance: health agency actively seeks case data from providers (more complete, costlier).
What is sentinel surveillance?
Surveillance using selected reporting sites/institutions to monitor trends of specific diseases when full population coverage is impractical (e.g., HIV sentinel surveillance).
Name three key indicators used to measure health status of a population.
Mortality indicators (IMR, MMR, CDR, life expectancy), morbidity indicators (incidence, prevalence), and composite indicators (DALY, HALE, physical quality of life index).
Define DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year).
DALY = Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death + Years Lived with Disability (YLD). One DALY = one lost year of healthy life; it measures overall disease burden.
What are the constructs of the Health Belief Model?
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
List the stages of the Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model.
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance (and sometimes relapse/termination).
What are the five action areas of health promotion in the Ottawa Charter (1986)?
Build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services.
Differentiate health education from health promotion.
Health education focuses on improving knowledge and individual behavior change. Health promotion is broader—it combines education with environmental, political, organizational, and policy supports to enable healthy choices.
Name common methods of health education.
Individual (counseling), group (lectures, demonstrations, group discussions, role play, panel discussions), and mass (TV, radio, posters, newspapers, internet) methods.
Define community participation and empowerment in public health.
Community participation is active involvement of community members in identifying problems and planning/implementing health programs; empowerment is the process by which communities gain control over decisions and resources affecting their health.
What are the main categories of environmental health hazards?
Physical (heat, radiation, noise), chemical (heavy metals, pesticides), biological (pathogens, vectors), mechanical (accidents), social/psychosocial, and air/water/soil pollution hazards.
What are the permissible WHO/Indian standards for residual chlorine and the minimum contact time in water disinfection?
Minimum free residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/L after a contact period of at least 1 hour (1 hour) ensures adequate disinfection of water.
What is climate change's impact on health (give three examples)?
Increased heat-related illness/deaths, changing distribution of vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue), food and water insecurity/malnutrition, and increased respiratory/cardiovascular disease from air pollution and extreme weather events.
List the classification of nutrients and the macronutrients.
Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (provide energy). Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals (required in small amounts for metabolism).
Differentiate marasmus from kwashiorkor.
Marasmus: severe wasting from energy (calorie) deficiency—'skin and bones,' no edema. Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency—edema, moon face, hepatomegaly, skin/hair changes, with relatively preserved subcutaneous fat.
State the WHO BMI classification for adults.
Underweight <18.5; Normal 18.5–24.9; Overweight 25–29.9; Obese ≥30 kg/m². (Asia-Pacific cutoffs: overweight ≥23, obese ≥25.)
Name key MCH indicators: define IMR, MMR, and neonatal mortality rate.
IMR = infant deaths (<1 yr)/1000 live births. MMR = maternal deaths/100,000 live births. Neonatal mortality rate = deaths within first 28 days/1000 live births.
What are the WHO recommended minimum number and components of antenatal care visits?
WHO 2016 recommends a minimum of 8 ANC contacts; components include history/exam, BP and weight monitoring, blood/urine tests, iron-folic acid supplementation, tetanus immunization (TT/Td), and counseling on danger signs and nutrition.
Same Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus in other exams
The Social and Preventive Medicine outline above is identical in these 3 exams:
INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine FAQ
What is in the INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine syllabus?
INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine is split into 10 chapters: Introduction to Social and Preventive Medicine (SPM), Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Health Information Systems, Health Promotion and Education, Environmental Health, Nutrition and Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Occupational Health and Health Policy and Management. Together they contain 38 topics and 116 sub-topics.
How many chapters are in INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine?
10 chapters, containing 38 topics and 116 sub-topics. The largest chapter is Epidemiology, with 4 topics.
Are there flashcards for INI CET Social and Preventive Medicine?
Yes — a 51-card Social and Preventive Medicine deck, printed in full in the flashcards section of this page and available in the Examius app with spaced repetition. The free plan covers one exam of your choice, including its flashcards; Examius Pro, a one-time purchase, unlocks every other exam and deck.