COMSATS NTS-based Test Biology and Computer Science (NAT-IM / NAT-ICS) Syllabus

Biology and Computer Science (NAT-IM / NAT-ICS) syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Biology and Computer Science (NAT-IM / NAT-ICS) in COMSATS NTS-based Test, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Cell Biology (NAT-IM)

   3 topics

   • Cell Structure and Function
   • Biomolecules
   • Enzymes
2. 2

   Human Physiology (NAT-IM)

   3 topics

   • Digestive and Circulatory Systems
   • Nervous and Endocrine Systems
   • Respiration and Excretion
3. 3

   Genetics and Evolution (NAT-IM)

   3 topics

   • Mendelian Genetics
   • DNA and Inheritance
   • Evolution
4. 4

   Introduction to Computers (NAT-ICS)

   4 topics

   • Computer Fundamentals
   • Hardware and Software
   • Operating Systems
   • Number Systems
5. 5

   Programming Fundamentals (NAT-ICS)

   4 topics

   • Algorithms and Flowcharts
   • Data Types and Variables
   • Control Structures and Loops
   • Functions
6. 6

   Database Concepts (NAT-ICS)

   3 topics

   • Database Basics
   • Tables and Relationships
   • Introduction to SQL

Biology and Computer Science (NAT-IM / NAT-ICS) flashcards for COMSATS NTS-based Test

24 of 55 cards from the Biology and Computer Science (NAT-IM / NAT-ICS) deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is the cell theory's three main postulates?

   (1) All living organisms are composed of cells, (2) the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and (3) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

2. What is the key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

   Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

3. Which organelle is called the 'powerhouse of the cell' and why?

   The mitochondrion, because it produces ATP through aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation).

4. What is the function of ribosomes?

   Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis (translation), assembling amino acids into polypeptide chains.

5. What is the role of the plasma membrane, and what is its basic structure?

   It regulates the entry and exit of substances (selective permeability). Its structure is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (fluid mosaic model).

6. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

   The chloroplast, which contains the pigment chlorophyll.

7. What are the four major classes of biomolecules?

   Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

8. What is the monomer (building block) of proteins?

   Amino acids, joined by peptide bonds.

9. What is the monomer of carbohydrates, and name a common example?

   Monosaccharides (simple sugars); a common example is glucose.

10. What type of bond links two monosaccharides together?

    A glycosidic bond (formed by a dehydration/condensation reaction).

11. What elements make up carbohydrates, and in what ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?

    Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen to oxygen in a 2:1 ratio (general formula (CH2O)n).

12. What are nucleic acids made of (their monomer), and name the three components of that monomer?

    Nucleotides, each made of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

13. What is an enzyme?

    A biological catalyst (usually a protein) that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy without being consumed.

14. What is the 'lock and key' model of enzyme action?

    A model proposing that the substrate fits precisely into the enzyme's active site, like a key fits into a lock, due to complementary shapes.

15. How does enzyme activity respond to temperature, and what happens at high temperatures?

    Activity increases with temperature up to an optimum, then decreases; at high temperatures the enzyme denatures (loses its shape) and stops working.

16. What is a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme?

    A molecule that resembles the substrate and competes with it for the active site, reducing enzyme activity.

17. What is the difference between the active site and an allosteric site of an enzyme?

    The active site is where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs; an allosteric site is a different location where a regulatory molecule binds to alter enzyme activity.

18. What are the three main parts of the human digestive system in sequence (alimentary canal)?

    Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ending at the anus.

19. Where does most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occur?

    In the small intestine.

20. Which enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth, and where is it produced?

    Salivary amylase, produced by the salivary glands.

21. What is the role of bile in digestion, and where is it produced and stored?

    Bile emulsifies fats (breaks them into smaller droplets); it is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

22. What are the four chambers of the human heart?

    Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

23. What is the function of the right side of the heart versus the left side?

    The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation); the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).

24. What are the three types of blood vessels and their main functions?

    Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart, and capillaries enable exchange of materials between blood and tissues.

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