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UGC NET Management Unit - VIII Flashcards
50 question-and-answer cards covering Unit - VIII as it is examined in UGC NET Management. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Unit - VIII deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
How is a normal variable X converted to a standard normal variable Z?
Z = (X − μ) / σ, the standardization (z-score) formula.
What is the relationship between mean and standard deviation determining the position and spread of a normal curve?
The mean μ fixes the centre (location) of the curve; the standard deviation σ determines its width/spread (larger σ means a flatter, wider curve).
For a normal distribution, what is the value of skewness and kurtosis?
Skewness = 0 (perfectly symmetric) and it is mesokurtic with kurtosis coefficient β2 = 3.
State the probability density function of the Exponential distribution.
f(x) = λe^(−λx) for x ≥ 0 (and 0 otherwise), where λ > 0 is the rate parameter.
What are the mean and variance of the Exponential distribution?
Mean = 1/λ and Variance = 1/λ²; the standard deviation also equals 1/λ.
What special property makes the Exponential distribution unique among continuous distributions?
The memoryless (lack of memory) property: P(X > s + t | X > s) = P(X > t).
What does the Exponential distribution typically model, and how does it relate to the Poisson distribution?
It models the waiting time between events; if events occur as a Poisson process with rate λ, the inter-arrival times follow an Exponential distribution with parameter λ.
Differentiate a population from a sample.
A population is the entire set of units under study; a sample is a representative subset of the population selected for actual observation.
Distinguish between a parameter and a statistic.
A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population (e.g., μ, σ); a statistic is a numerical characteristic computed from a sample (e.g., x̄, s).
What is the difference between probability (random) sampling and non-probability sampling?
In probability sampling every unit has a known, non-zero chance of selection (allows estimation of sampling error); in non-probability sampling selection is based on judgement/convenience, with no known selection probability.
Name the four main types of probability sampling.
Simple random sampling, Stratified sampling, Systematic sampling, and Cluster sampling.
Describe stratified random sampling.
The population is divided into homogeneous sub-groups (strata), and random samples are drawn from each stratum, improving representation and precision.
What is systematic sampling?
Selecting every kth unit from an ordered list after a random start, where k = N/n is the sampling interval.
List common non-probability sampling methods.
Convenience sampling, Judgement (purposive) sampling, Quota sampling, and Snowball sampling.
What is sampling error?
The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter, arising because only a sample (not the whole population) is studied; it decreases as sample size increases.
State the standard error of the sample mean.
SE(x̄) = σ / √n, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean.
What does the Central Limit Theorem state?
For a sufficiently large sample size (n ≥ 30), the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normal regardless of the population's shape, with mean μ and standard error σ/√n.
List the standard steps in a hypothesis testing procedure.
1) State H0 and H1; 2) Choose significance level α; 3) Select the appropriate test statistic; 4) Determine the critical/rejection region; 5) Compute the test statistic; 6) Compare and decide to reject or fail to reject H0; 7) Draw the conclusion.
Distinguish between a Type I and a Type II error.
Type I error (α): rejecting a true null hypothesis. Type II error (β): failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
When is a Z-test used rather than a t-test?
A Z-test is used when the sample is large (n ≥ 30) and/or the population standard deviation (σ) is known; the t-test is used for small samples (n < 30) when σ is unknown.
What is the t-test used for and what distribution does it follow?
The t-test compares means for small samples when σ is unknown; it follows Student's t-distribution, which depends on degrees of freedom and is flatter with heavier tails than the normal curve.
What is the F-test used for and how is the F-statistic defined?
The F-test compares two variances or is used in ANOVA to test equality of several means; F = larger variance / smaller variance (S1²/S2²), always ≥ 1, and follows the F-distribution with two degrees of freedom.
What are the main uses of the Chi-square (χ²) test?
Test of goodness of fit, test of independence of attributes (association in a contingency table), and test for a population variance; it is a non-parametric test using frequency data.
State the Chi-square test statistic formula and its key requirement.
χ² = Σ[(O − E)² / E], where O = observed and E = expected frequencies; it requires data in frequencies and expected frequency of each cell generally ≥ 5.
What this deck covers
The Unit - VIII deck follows the UGC NET Management Unit - VIII syllabus — 5 chapters and 8 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 10.0 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 140 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Unit - VIII flashcards FAQ
How many Unit - VIII flashcards are in this UGC NET Management deck?
50 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these UGC NET Management flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 50-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Unit - VIII cards cover?
They follow the UGC NET Management Unit - VIII syllabus — 5 chapters and 8 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.