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🇵🇰 PMDC National Licensing Examination · flashcards
PMDC National Licensing Examination Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences as it is examined in PMDC National Licensing Examination. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is herd immunity and how does it relate to vaccination?
Herd immunity is protection of a population when a sufficiently high proportion is immune, interrupting transmission and protecting susceptibles. The threshold rises with higher R0.
Differentiate the incubation period from the latent period of an infectious disease.
Incubation period: time from infection to onset of clinical symptoms. Latent period: time from infection to becoming infectious (when transmission can begin).
What are the components of the epidemiologic triad of infectious disease?
Agent (pathogen), Host (susceptible individual), and Environment. Disease results from their interaction, with the vector sometimes added as a fourth element.
List the antigens included in the standard WHO/Pakistan EPI schedule.
BCG, OPV/IPV (polio), Pentavalent (DPT + Hep B + Hib), PCV (pneumococcal), Rotavirus, Measles, and Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV).
In the Pakistan EPI schedule, when is BCG given and what does it protect against?
BCG is given at birth and protects against tuberculosis (particularly severe forms like miliary TB and TB meningitis in children).
At what ages are the primary pentavalent (DPT-HepB-Hib) doses given in the EPI schedule?
The three primary pentavalent doses are given at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 14 weeks of age.
When are the two doses of measles-containing vaccine given in the Pakistan EPI schedule?
Measles dose 1 at 9 months and measles dose 2 at 15 months of age.
What is the cold chain in immunization, and what is the recommended storage temperature range for most vaccines?
The cold chain is the system of storing and transporting vaccines at recommended low temperatures from manufacture to administration. Most vaccines are stored at +2°C to +8°C.
Which EPI vaccines are most heat-sensitive and which are most sensitive to freezing?
Most heat-sensitive: OPV (and BCG, measles). Most freeze-sensitive (must NOT be frozen): Pentavalent/DPT, Hepatitis B, and other aluminium-adjuvanted/liquid vaccines.
List the major modifiable risk factors shared by most non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. These lead to intermediate factors: raised blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, and obesity.
What are the four main NCDs responsible for the majority of NCD deaths worldwide?
Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus.
Define DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) and its components.
DALY = one lost year of healthy life. DALY = YLL (Years of Life Lost due to premature death) + YLD (Years Lived with Disability). It measures total disease burden.
What are the principles/elements of Primary Health Care as declared at Alma-Ata (1978)?
Equitable distribution, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and a focus on prevention. The goal was 'Health for All.'
List the essential components/elements of Primary Health Care (Alma-Ata).
Education on health problems; food/nutrition; safe water and sanitation; maternal and child health including family planning; immunization; control of endemic diseases; treatment of common diseases/injuries; and provision of essential drugs.
What are the three levels of disease prevention with an example of each?
Primary (preventing disease onset, e.g., immunization). Secondary (early detection/treatment, e.g., screening). Tertiary (limiting disability/rehabilitation, e.g., physiotherapy after stroke).
What is the Lady Health Worker (LHW) Programme in Pakistan designed to provide?
It delivers community-based primary health care—maternal and child health, family planning, immunization promotion, and health education—at the doorstep, linking communities to the formal health system.
What does the Pakistan EPI's polio eradication strategy rely on for interrupting transmission?
Routine OPV/IPV immunization plus Supplementary Immunization Activities (National/Sub-national Immunization Days, NIDs/SNIDs) and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance.
Define Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and its formula.
MMR = number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy/childbirth-related causes per 100,000 live births = (Maternal deaths / Live births) × 100,000.
Define Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and its formula.
IMR = number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births in a year = (Deaths < 1 year / Live births) × 1000. It is a sensitive indicator of population health.
Differentiate neonatal, perinatal, and under-5 mortality rates.
Neonatal: deaths < 28 days per 1000 live births. Perinatal: stillbirths + early neonatal deaths (first week) per 1000 total births. Under-5: deaths < 5 years per 1000 live births.
What does the GOBI-FFF strategy for child survival stand for?
Growth monitoring, Oral rehydration, Breastfeeding, Immunization — plus Female education, Family spacing, and Food supplementation.
What components make up Antenatal Care (ANC) as recommended by WHO for safe motherhood?
Regular ANC visits, screening for risk factors, tetanus toxoid immunization, iron/folic acid supplementation, monitoring of BP and weight, and counseling on nutrition and danger signs.
What are the levels of water classified by WHO for fluoride, and what diseases result from deficiency and excess?
Optimal fluoride ≈ 0.5–1.0 mg/L. Deficiency causes dental caries; excess causes dental fluorosis (mottled enamel) and, at high levels, skeletal fluorosis.
Name common nutritional deficiency diseases and their causative micronutrient.
Vitamin A deficiency → xerophthalmia/night blindness; Iron deficiency → anemia; Iodine deficiency → goiter/cretinism; Vitamin D deficiency → rickets/osteomalacia; Vitamin C → scurvy; Niacin → pellagra; Thiamine → beriberi.
What this deck covers
The Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences deck follows the PMDC National Licensing Examination Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences syllabus — 5 chapters and 16 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 10.2 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 159 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences flashcards FAQ
How many Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences flashcards are in this PMDC National Licensing Examination deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these PMDC National Licensing Examination flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences cards cover?
They follow the PMDC National Licensing Examination Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences syllabus — 5 chapters and 16 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.