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🇺🇸 OAT (Optometry Admission Test) · flashcards
OAT (Optometry Admission Test) General Chemistry Flashcards
65 question-and-answer cards covering General Chemistry as it is examined in OAT (Optometry Admission Test). 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the General Chemistry deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is the equation relating heat, mass, specific heat, and temperature change?
q = mcΔT, where q = heat, m = mass, c = specific heat, and ΔT = temperature change.
State the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
First law: energy is conserved (ΔU = q + w; energy cannot be created or destroyed). Second law: the total entropy of an isolated system always increases for a spontaneous process.
What is the Gibbs free energy equation, and what does the sign of ΔG indicate?
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. ΔG < 0 = spontaneous, ΔG > 0 = nonspontaneous, ΔG = 0 = at equilibrium.
Under what combinations of ΔH and ΔS is a reaction always spontaneous or never spontaneous?
Always spontaneous when ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0; never spontaneous when ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0 (other combinations are temperature-dependent).
What factors increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
Higher concentration, higher temperature, increased surface area, and presence of a catalyst.
How does a catalyst increase reaction rate?
It provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, without being consumed and without changing ΔG or the equilibrium position.
What is the rate law and the order of a reaction?
Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n; the reaction order is the sum of exponents (m + n), determined experimentally, indicating how concentration affects rate.
State Le Chatelier's principle.
When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, volume, or temperature, the equilibrium shifts to counteract the change and restore equilibrium.
What is the equilibrium constant expression Keq for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD?
Keq = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b (pure solids and liquids are excluded).
Compare the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids.
Arrhenius acid produces H⁺ in water; Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H⁺) donor; Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.
What are the formulas for pH and pOH, and what is their relationship at 25°C?
pH = -log[H⁺], pOH = -log[OH⁻], and pH + pOH = 14 at 25°C.
What is a buffer solution and what is it made of?
A solution that resists changes in pH; made of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid).
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]), relating pH to the pKa and the ratio of conjugate base to weak acid.
What is the equivalence point in a titration?
The point at which moles of added titrant exactly equal the moles of analyte (stoichiometrically equivalent), determined using moles acid = moles base for a monoprotic neutralization.
What is Ksp and what does a larger Ksp indicate?
Ksp is the solubility product constant for a slightly soluble ionic compound; a larger Ksp indicates greater solubility.
What is the common-ion effect on solubility?
The solubility of an ionic compound decreases when a soluble salt sharing a common ion is added (equilibrium shifts toward the solid per Le Chatelier's principle).
What is the difference between a galvanic (voltaic) cell and an electrolytic cell?
A galvanic cell uses a spontaneous redox reaction to generate electricity (ΔG < 0, E°cell > 0); an electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to drive a nonspontaneous reaction (ΔG > 0).
In any electrochemical cell, at which electrode do oxidation and reduction occur?
Oxidation always occurs at the anode; reduction always occurs at the cathode ('An Ox, Red Cat').
What is the relationship between standard cell potential and Gibbs free energy?
ΔG° = -nFE°cell, where n = moles of electrons and F = Faraday's constant. A positive E°cell gives negative ΔG° (spontaneous).
What are alpha, beta, and gamma radiation?
Alpha = helium nucleus (²₄He, +2 charge); beta = high-energy electron (⁰₋₁e); gamma = high-energy electromagnetic photon (no mass or charge).
What is the definition of radioactive half-life?
The time required for half of a given quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay.
What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
Fission splits a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei (releasing energy); fusion combines light nuclei into a heavier one (releasing even more energy, as in stars).
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy is closeness of a measurement to the true value; precision is the reproducibility/closeness of repeated measurements to one another.
What does the Beer-Lambert law state in spectrophotometry?
Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length: A = εbc, where ε = molar absorptivity, b = path length, c = concentration.
What this deck covers
The General Chemistry deck follows the OAT (Optometry Admission Test) General Chemistry syllabus — 6 chapters and 21 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 10.8 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 127 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
General Chemistry flashcards FAQ
How many General Chemistry flashcards are in this OAT (Optometry Admission Test) deck?
65 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these OAT (Optometry Admission Test) flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 65-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the General Chemistry cards cover?
They follow the OAT (Optometry Admission Test) General Chemistry syllabus — 6 chapters and 21 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.