Graphic Design Layout and Print Design Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Layout and Print Design deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. In a standard tri-fold brochure, which panel is the front cover and which is the first seen when opened?

   On the outside of the sheet, the right panel is the front cover and the left/middle panel area forms the back and the flap that folds in; opening the cover first reveals the inside flap panel, then the full three-panel inside spread. Panel content must be planned in folding order, not reading order on the flat sheet.

2. What is a folio in multi-page document design?

   The page number, often combined with a running header or footer (publication name, section, date), placed consistently via master pages — usually on the outer edge so it is visible when flipping through.

3. What are recto and verso pages?

   Recto is the right-hand page of a spread (always odd-numbered); verso is the left-hand page (always even-numbered). New chapters traditionally begin on a recto.

4. What are sections and how are they used in multi-page documents?

   Sections divide a document so numbering style or starting number can change — e.g., front matter numbered $i, ii, iii$ in roman numerals and the main body restarting at arabic 1 — and allow different masters or prefixes per section.

5. What is the 'book' feature in page-layout software used for?

   It combines multiple document files (chapters) into one publication, synchronizing styles, swatches, and master pages from a style source, maintaining continuous page numbering across files, and enabling combined export or printing.

6. What key formatting controls make tables readable in data-heavy layouts?

   Consistent row/column strokes or alternating row fills (zebra striping), adequate cell insets, clear header rows that repeat when a table breaks across frames/pages, aligned numerals (right-aligned or on decimal tabs with tabular lining figures), and minimal rules — let alignment do the separating.

7. Why use tabular (lining) figures instead of proportional figures in tables?

   Tabular figures all share the same fixed width, so digits align in neat vertical columns, making numeric data easy to scan and compare; proportional figures have varying widths and break the column alignment.

8. Define bleed, trim, and safe (live) margin.

   Trim is the final cut size of the piece. Bleed is artwork extended beyond the trim line (typically 3 mm or 0.125 in) so no white edge shows if cutting shifts. The safe margin is the zone inside the trim (also typically 3 mm / 0.125 in or more) where all critical text and logos must stay to avoid being cut off.

9. What is the standard bleed allowance for most commercial print jobs?

   3 mm (about 0.125 in) beyond the trim edge on all sides. Some products (books, packaging) require more, e.g., 5 mm or 0.25 in — always confirm with the printer's specifications.

10. A business card trims to $89 \times 51$ mm with 3 mm bleed on all sides. What document size must the artwork be built at?

    Add bleed to each side: $(89 + 2 \times 3) \times (51 + 2 \times 3) = 95 \times 57$ mm.

11. What is color separation in print production?

    Splitting a full-color design into individual single-color printing plates — one each for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK), plus one per spot color. Each plate prints its ink in halftone dots that combine to reproduce the full image.

12. What is the difference between knockout and overprint?

    Knockout (the default) removes the underlying inks where an object sits, so the top color prints on unprinted paper. Overprint prints the object's ink on top of the inks beneath, mixing them — used deliberately for black text and trapping, but a hazard if applied accidentally (e.g., white set to overprint disappears).

13. Why is small black text conventionally set to overprint rather than knock out?

    Overprinting 100% black on the other inks avoids misregistration gaps (white halos) around fine type, since tiny knockouts in C, M, and Y are nearly impossible to register perfectly on press.

14. What is rich black, and when should it be used instead of 100% K?

    Rich black adds other inks under black — e.g., $C\,60\ M\,40\ Y\,40\ K\,100$ — for a darker, denser black in large solid areas. Use plain 100% K for body text and thin lines (no registration risk); use rich black only for large fills, keeping total ink coverage within the printer's limit (often $\leq 300\%$ for coated stock).

15. What is preflighting a document?

    Systematically checking a layout for print problems before output: missing or modified links, missing fonts, RGB or wrong color-space images, insufficient image resolution (below $\approx 300$ ppi at final size), overset text, missing bleed, and excessive ink coverage.

16. What does the 'Package' function do in a layout application?

    It gathers everything the printer needs into one folder: a copy of the document, all linked images/graphics, all used fonts (license permitting), plus a report — and can include an IDML and print-ready PDF — ensuring nothing is missing when the job is handed off.

17. What is the minimum effective image resolution generally required for offset printing, and how does scaling affect it?

    About 300 ppi at final printed size (commonly $2 \times$ the halftone screen ruling, e.g., 150 lpi). Enlarging a placed image lowers its effective resolution: effective ppi $= \frac{\text{actual ppi}}{\text{scale factor}}$, so a 300 ppi image scaled to 200% becomes 150 ppi.

18. Which PDF/X standard is most commonly requested for print-ready files, and what does it enforce?

    PDF/X-1a (with PDF/X-4 increasingly common). PDF/X-1a requires all fonts embedded, CMYK or spot colors only (no RGB), flattened transparency, defined bleed/trim boxes, and an output intent profile. PDF/X-4 additionally allows live transparency and layers.

19. What marks and settings belong in a print-ready PDF export?

    Include the document bleed (e.g., 3 mm), crop (trim) marks and optionally bleed and registration marks offset outside the bleed area, embed all fonts, convert or tag color to the printer's CMYK output intent, and keep images at press resolution (no heavy downsampling below ~300 ppi).

20. Compare offset lithography and digital printing.

    Offset transfers ink from etched plates via a rubber blanket to paper: high setup cost, very low unit cost at volume, superior quality/consistency, exact spot (Pantone) inks — best for long runs. Digital (toner/inkjet) needs no plates: minimal setup, fast turnaround, economical short runs, and variable data printing, but higher per-unit cost at volume and simulated spot colors. The break-even point is typically in the high hundreds to low thousands of copies.

21. What is variable data printing (VDP), and which printing method enables it?

    Printing where text or images change from piece to piece (names, addresses, personalized offers) within one run. Only digital printing supports it, because offset plates are fixed once made.

22. How do coated and uncoated paper stocks differ in print results?

    Coated stock (gloss, silk/satin, matte) has a sealed clay surface: ink sits on top, giving sharper detail, higher contrast, and more vibrant color. Uncoated stock is absorbent: ink spreads (dot gain is higher), colors appear softer and flatter, but it is easier to write on and feels more tactile/natural.

23. What do paper weight measures GSM and basis weight indicate, and what are typical values?

    GSM is grams per square metre ($\text{g/m}^2$) — an absolute weight measure; US basis weight (lb) is the weight of 500 sheets at a grade's basis size. Typical uses: office/text paper $\approx 80\text{–}120$ gsm, quality brochure text $\approx 130\text{–}170$ gsm, cover/card stock $\approx 250\text{–}400$ gsm.

24. Compare saddle stitching and perfect binding, including their page-count constraints.

    Saddle stitching staples folded sheets through the spine fold: cheap and fast, lies fairly flat, requires page counts in multiples of 4, practical up to roughly 64–80 pages, and needs creep compensation (inner pages pushed outward). Perfect binding glues gathered signatures into a wrap-around cover with a flat printable spine: suits thicker publications (roughly 40+ pages), looks premium, but costs more and does not open flat.

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