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🇮🇳 GATE Biomedical Engineering · flashcards
GATE Biomedical Engineering Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Human Anatomy and Physiology as it is examined in GATE Biomedical Engineering. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Human Anatomy and Physiology deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What are the components of the human circulatory system?
The heart (pump), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood (the transport medium).
Trace the path of blood through the four chambers of the heart starting from the body.
Body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body. The right side handles deoxygenated blood, the left side oxygenated blood.
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated, under high pressure, thick walls); veins carry blood toward the heart (usually deoxygenated, low pressure, have valves).
What is the formula relating cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?
$$\mathrm{CO} = \mathrm{HR} \times \mathrm{SV}$$ where CO is cardiac output, HR is heart rate, and SV is stroke volume.
Define blood pressure and give the typical normal value for a healthy adult.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against vessel walls; normal is about $120/80\ \mathrm{mmHg}$ (systolic/diastolic).
What is the main function of the excretory (urinary) system?
To remove metabolic nitrogenous wastes (e.g., urea) from the blood and regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons that filter blood and form urine.
List the three main processes of urine formation in the nephron.
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by humans?
Urea, produced in the liver from the breakdown of amino acids (via the urea cycle).
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To secrete hormones into the bloodstream that regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis, providing slow but long-lasting chemical signaling.
Which gland is called the 'master gland' and why?
The pituitary gland, because it secretes hormones that control many other endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenals, gonads).
Which hormones regulate blood glucose, and from which gland?
Insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose), secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
How does endocrine signaling differ from nervous signaling?
Endocrine signaling uses hormones carried by blood (slow onset, long duration, widespread); nervous signaling uses electrical impulses/neurotransmitters (fast, brief, targeted).
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves outside the CNS).
What is the functional unit of the nervous system, and its three main parts?
The neuron. Its parts are the dendrites (receive signals), the cell body (soma), and the axon (transmits signals).
What is a synapse?
A junction between two neurons (or a neuron and an effector) where a signal is transmitted, usually chemically via neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.
What is the approximate resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
About $-70\ \mathrm{mV}$, maintained largely by the $\ce{Na+}/\ce{K+}$ ATPase pump and ion gradients.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their general roles?
The sympathetic division ('fight or flight') and the parasympathetic division ('rest and digest'); they act antagonistically to maintain homeostasis.
What is the main function of the gastrointestinal (digestive) system?
To ingest, mechanically and chemically break down food, absorb nutrients into the blood, and eliminate undigested waste.
In which organ does most nutrient absorption occur, and what feature increases its surface area?
The small intestine. Villi and microvilli greatly increase its surface area for absorption.
Name two digestive enzymes and the nutrients they break down.
Amylase breaks down starch (carbohydrates) into sugars; pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides. (Lipase digests fats.)
What is the role of the liver and bile in digestion?
The liver produces bile (stored in the gallbladder), which emulsifies fats into smaller droplets to increase the surface area for lipase action.
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
To produce gametes (sperm and eggs), enable fertilization, and ensure the continuation of the species; it also produces sex hormones.
Name the primary male and female gametes and where each is produced.
Sperm, produced in the testes (males); ova (eggs), produced in the ovaries (females).
What this deck covers
The Human Anatomy and Physiology deck follows the GATE Biomedical Engineering Human Anatomy and Physiology syllabus — 3 chapters and 13 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 17.0 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 124 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Human Anatomy and Physiology flashcards FAQ
How many Human Anatomy and Physiology flashcards are in this GATE Biomedical Engineering deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these GATE Biomedical Engineering flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Human Anatomy and Physiology cards cover?
They follow the GATE Biomedical Engineering Human Anatomy and Physiology syllabus — 3 chapters and 13 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.