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DAT (Dental Admission Test) General Chemistry Flashcards
77 question-and-answer cards covering General Chemistry as it is examined in DAT (Dental Admission Test). 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the General Chemistry deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
What is the rate-determining step of a reaction mechanism?
The slowest elementary step in the mechanism; it controls (limits) the overall reaction rate, and the rate law is based on it (and any preceding equilibria).
What is a reaction intermediate, and how does it differ from a transition state?
An intermediate is a species produced in one step and consumed in a later step (it sits in an energy well and can sometimes be isolated). A transition state is the highest-energy configuration at the peak of an energy barrier and cannot be isolated.
State Le Chatelier's principle.
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure/volume, or temperature, the equilibrium shifts to partially counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.
How is the equilibrium constant expression (Keq) written for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, and what is excluded?
Keq = ([C]^c[D]^d)/([A]^a[B]^b). Pure solids and pure liquids (including solvents) are excluded from the expression.
How does the reaction quotient (Q) compared to K predict the direction of reaction?
If Q < K, reaction proceeds forward (toward products); if Q > K, it proceeds in reverse (toward reactants); if Q = K, the system is at equilibrium.
Compare the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases.
Arrhenius: acid produces H+, base produces OH− in water. Brønsted-Lowry: acid is a proton (H+) donor, base is a proton acceptor. Lewis: acid is an electron-pair acceptor, base is an electron-pair donor.
How are pH, pOH, and [H+] related at 25 °C?
pH = −log[H+]; pOH = −log[OH−]; pH + pOH = 14; and [H+][OH−] = Kw = 1.0 × 10^−14.
What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
A strong acid dissociates completely in water (large/undefined Ka), e.g., HCl, HNO3, H2SO4. A weak acid only partially dissociates (small Ka) and establishes an equilibrium, e.g., acetic acid.
What is a buffer, and what two components is it made of?
A buffer resists changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base. It consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid) in comparable amounts.
State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
pH = pKa + log([A−]/[HA]), where [A−] is the conjugate base and [HA] is the weak acid. When [A−] = [HA], pH = pKa.
In a titration, what occurs at the equivalence point, and how does it differ from the endpoint?
At the equivalence point, moles of added titrant exactly neutralize moles of analyte (stoichiometric). The endpoint is where the indicator changes color, ideally very close to the equivalence point.
What is the pH at the equivalence point for strong acid–strong base, weak acid–strong base, and strong acid–weak base titrations?
Strong-strong: pH = 7. Weak acid–strong base: pH > 7 (basic salt). Strong acid–weak base: pH < 7 (acidic salt).
What is the solubility product constant (Ksp), and how is it written for CaF2 ⇌ Ca2+ + 2F−?
Ksp is the equilibrium constant for dissolution of a sparingly soluble salt. For CaF2: Ksp = [Ca2+][F−]^2.
What is the common-ion effect on solubility?
Adding an ion already present in a slightly soluble salt's equilibrium decreases the salt's solubility (shifts dissolution equilibrium left), per Le Chatelier's principle.
How do you compare Q (ion product) to Ksp to predict precipitation?
If Q > Ksp, a precipitate forms (supersaturated); if Q = Ksp, the solution is saturated (equilibrium); if Q < Ksp, no precipitate forms (unsaturated).
In a galvanic (voltaic) cell, where do oxidation and reduction occur, and which electrode is the cathode/anode charge?
Oxidation occurs at the anode (negative terminal in a galvanic cell); reduction occurs at the cathode (positive terminal). Electrons flow from anode to cathode.
How is the standard cell potential (E°cell) calculated from electrode potentials?
E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode (using standard reduction potentials). A positive E°cell indicates a spontaneous (galvanic) reaction.
How are ΔG° and E°cell related?
ΔG° = −nFE°cell, where n = moles of electrons transferred and F = Faraday's constant (96,485 C/mol). A positive E°cell gives a negative ΔG° (spontaneous).
How do electrolytic cells differ from galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells use an external power source to drive a nonspontaneous reaction (E°cell < 0, ΔG > 0). Oxidation still occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode, but the anode is positive and cathode negative (opposite signs vs. galvanic).
What does Faraday's law of electrolysis relate?
The mass of substance produced or consumed at an electrode is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed (Q = I·t), using moles of electrons (Q/F) and the half-reaction stoichiometry.
Compare alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of composition and penetrating power.
Alpha (α) = helium nucleus (2p, 2n, +2), least penetrating (stopped by paper). Beta (β) = high-speed electron (−1), moderate penetration (stopped by aluminum). Gamma (γ) = high-energy photon (no mass/charge), most penetrating (needs lead/concrete).
How do the atomic number and mass number change during alpha decay and beta-minus decay?
Alpha decay: mass number decreases by 4, atomic number decreases by 2. Beta-minus decay: mass number unchanged, atomic number increases by 1 (a neutron converts to a proton + electron).
What is half-life, and how much of a sample remains after n half-lives?
Half-life is the time for half of a radioactive sample to decay. After n half-lives, the fraction remaining = (1/2)^n of the original amount.
What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
Fission splits a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing energy (e.g., uranium in reactors/bombs). Fusion combines light nuclei into a heavier one, releasing even more energy (e.g., hydrogen fusing in the sun).
What this deck covers
The General Chemistry deck follows the DAT (Dental Admission Test) General Chemistry syllabus — 6 chapters and 23 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 12.8 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 169 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
General Chemistry flashcards FAQ
How many General Chemistry flashcards are in this DAT (Dental Admission Test) deck?
77 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these DAT (Dental Admission Test) flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 77-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the General Chemistry cards cover?
They follow the DAT (Dental Admission Test) General Chemistry syllabus — 6 chapters and 23 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.