CSS Pakistan Affairs Freedom Movement and Ideology of Pakistan (1858-1947) Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Freedom Movement and Ideology of Pakistan (1858-1947) deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. Which leader attended the Second Round Table Conference (1931) as sole Congress representative, and what was the outcome?

   Mahatma Gandhi attended as the sole Congress representative; the conference failed mainly over the communal question, as no agreement could be reached on minority representation.

2. What was the Communal Award (1932) and who issued it?

   Issued by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald after the failure of the Round Table Conferences, it granted separate electorates to Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and the Depressed Classes (untouchables).

3. What major constitutional law emerged from the Round Table Conferences and the Simon Commission?

   The Government of India Act 1935.

4. What were the two main features of the Government of India Act 1935?

   (1) Provincial autonomy, replacing dyarchy with responsible government in the provinces; and (2) provision for an All-India Federation of provinces and princely states (which never came into being).

5. What level of government introduced dyarchy under the 1935 Act, reversing the 1919 arrangement?

   Dyarchy was abolished in the provinces and instead introduced at the federal/centre level (which never operated as the federation did not come into being).

6. After which event did Congress form provincial ministries, and over what period did they rule?

   After the 1937 provincial elections held under the Government of India Act 1935; Congress ministries governed from 1937 to 1939.

7. In how many provinces did Congress form ministries after the 1937 elections?

   Congress formed ministries in 7 (later 8) of the 11 provinces, having won a majority or largest share in most Hindu-majority provinces.

8. Name two grievances Muslims raised against the Congress Ministries (1937-1939).

   The imposition of the Bande Mataram anthem and the Wardha/Vidya Mandir education scheme (Hindi/Hindu culture), suppression of Urdu, hoisting of the Congress tri-colour flag, and general discrimination against Muslims in jobs and justice (documented in the Pirpur and Sharif Reports).

9. How did Muslims react when Congress ministries resigned in 1939?

   The Muslim League, on Jinnah's call, observed 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" (Yaum-e-Nijat) to mark their relief from Congress misrule.

10. When and where was the Lahore Resolution passed?

    On 23 March 1940 at the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held at Minto Park (Iqbal Park), Lahore.

11. Who moved the Lahore Resolution and who presided over the session?

    It was moved by A.K. Fazlul Haq (the "Sher-e-Bangal"), and the session was presided over by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

12. What did the Lahore Resolution (1940) demand?

    That the areas in which Muslims were numerically in a majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute "Independent States" in which the constituent units would be autonomous and sovereign.

13. By what other name is the Lahore Resolution popularly known and why?

    It is called the "Pakistan Resolution" because it laid the formal foundation for the demand for Pakistan; the Hindu press derisively labelled it the Pakistan demand, and the name stuck.

14. What was the Cripps Mission and when did it come to India?

    A mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps in March 1942, sent by the British during World War II to secure Indian cooperation in the war by offering post-war Dominion status and the right of provinces to opt out of the union.

15. Why did both Congress and the Muslim League reject the Cripps Mission proposals?

    Congress rejected them because they offered only future Dominion status (not immediate independence) and accepted partition in principle; the Muslim League rejected them because they did not clearly concede Pakistan. Gandhi called the offer "a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank."

16. When were the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks held and what was the core issue?

    They were held in September 1944 in Bombay; the core issue was the demand for Pakistan based on the Two-Nation Theory versus Gandhi's offer of a loose arrangement after British withdrawal.

17. Why did the 1944 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail?

    Because Gandhi did not accept the Two-Nation Theory and would only concede a watered-down partition after independence with strong central ties, while Jinnah insisted on a sovereign Pakistan recognized before British withdrawal on the basis that Muslims were a separate nation.

18. What was the Cabinet Mission and when did it arrive in India?

    A three-member British mission (Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander) that arrived in March 1946 to devise a method for transferring power and framing a constitution.

19. What constitutional structure did the 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan propose?

    A united India with a weak federal centre controlling only defence, foreign affairs and communications, and provinces grouped into three sections (A: Hindu-majority; B: Punjab, NWFP, Sindh; C: Bengal, Assam) with autonomy, rejecting an outright sovereign Pakistan.

20. Why did the Cabinet Mission Plan ultimately fail?

    Because Congress and the Muslim League could not agree on the interpretation of the grouping clause; Congress refused to treat grouping as compulsory, leading the League to withdraw its acceptance and announce Direct Action Day (16 August 1946).

21. What was the 3rd June Plan (Mountbatten Plan) of 1947?

    The plan announced by Viceroy Lord Mountbatten on 3 June 1947 providing for the partition of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, with Bengal and Punjab to be divided and the people to decide through their assemblies/referenda.

22. Under the 3rd June Plan, how was the fate of the provinces decided for joining Pakistan?

    The legislative assemblies of Punjab and Bengal voted on partition; Sindh's assembly decided to join Pakistan; a referendum was held in NWFP and in Sylhet (Assam); and Baluchistan's representatives chose Pakistan.

23. Which Act gave legal effect to the partition, and what were the two independence dates?

    The Indian Independence Act 1947 (passed by the British Parliament in July 1947); Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947 and India on 15 August 1947.

24. What was the Radcliffe Award and why was it controversial?

    The boundary demarcation between India and Pakistan drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947; it was controversial for unjustly awarding Muslim-majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozepur tehsils to India, giving India a land route to Kashmir, and for being announced after independence, intensifying communal violence.

What this deck covers

Freedom Movement and Ideology of Pakistan (1858-1947) flashcards FAQ