CBSE Class 10 Social Science Flashcards

24 sample cards from the Social Science deck

Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.

1. What is the difference between foundational and other challenges to democracy?

   Foundational challenge: making the transition to democracy and establishing a democratic government (faced by non-democratic regimes); expansion challenge: applying democratic principles to all regions/groups; deepening: strengthening democratic institutions.

2. What is a 'democratic reform' or political reform?

   All suggestions or proposals to strengthen and improve the practice of democracy, usually carried out by political activists, movements and politically conscious citizens rather than by law alone.

3. Why can income alone be a misleading measure of development?

   Average (per capita) income hides distribution/inequalities; people also seek non-material goals like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect, and quality of environment-not just income.

4. What three indicators does the Human Development Index (HDI) use?

   Per capita income (PPP in US dollars), education (literacy/years of schooling), and health (life expectancy at birth).

5. What is Body Mass Index (BMI) used to measure?

   It is a measure to check nutritional status of adults: weight (kg) divided by height (in metres) squared. Below 18.5 = undernourished; above 25 = overweight.

6. What are the three sectors of the economy and how is each defined?

   Primary sector (production from natural resources, e.g. agriculture, mining); secondary sector (manufacturing/industry transforming raw materials); tertiary sector (services that support the other two, e.g. transport, banking).

7. What is the difference between the organised and unorganised sectors?

   Organised sector has registered enterprises with regular employment, fixed hours, and job security/benefits; unorganised sector has small, scattered units outside government control with low pay, no security and irregular work.

8. What is disguised (hidden) unemployment? Give an example.

   When more people are employed in a job than are actually needed, so removing some would not reduce output. Example: an entire family working on a small farm where only a few are really required.

9. What are public sector and private sector enterprises?

   In the public sector the government owns most assets and provides services (e.g. railways, post office); in the private sector ownership and management is in the hands of individuals or companies (e.g. Tata, Reliance).

10. What are the two essential conditions for money to act as a medium of exchange (vs barter)?

    Money removes the need for a 'double coincidence of wants' required in barter; both parties accept money as an intermediate, so one need not directly want what the other has.

11. What are the two ways banks use the deposits they receive?

    Banks keep only a small portion (e.g. about 15%) as cash reserve to pay depositors, and use the major portion to extend loans, charging higher interest on loans than they pay on deposits.

12. What is collateral and why do lenders ask for it?

    Collateral is an asset (land, building, vehicle, deposits) that a borrower owns and uses as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid; lenders use it to recover money if the borrower fails to repay.

13. What are the two main sources of credit-formal and informal-and who supervises the formal sector?

    Formal sources: banks and cooperatives, supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Informal sources: moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives-with no supervision, often charging very high interest.

14. What is a Self Help Group (SHG) and how does it help the poor get credit?

    A group of 15-20 members (usually women) who pool savings; members can borrow from the group at reasonable interest, and the group can obtain bank loans, providing collateral-free credit and self-reliance.

15. What is globalisation?

    The process of rapid integration or interconnection of countries through greater foreign trade and foreign investment by multinational corporations (MNCs).

16. What is a multinational corporation (MNC)?

    A company that owns or controls production in more than one country, setting up production where it is close to markets, has cheap labour and resources, and favourable government policies.

17. What is the role of trade barriers and how did liberalisation change them in India?

    Trade barriers (e.g. tax on imports) restrict foreign trade. After 1991 India removed many barriers (liberalisation), allowing freer import/export and foreign investment to make the economy more competitive.

18. What is the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and one criticism of it?

    An international organisation (started 1995) that aims to liberalise international trade. Criticism: though it claims free trade for all, in practice developed countries retain trade barriers, putting developing countries at a disadvantage.

19. What are the six rights guaranteed under the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA), 1986?

    Right to safety, right to be informed, right to choose, right to seek redressal, right to be heard (represented), and the right to consumer education.

20. What is the three-tier redressal machinery under COPRA?

    District forum (claims up to a fixed limit), State Commission (higher claims), and National Commission, where consumers can appeal against unfair trade practices.

21. What do the ISI, AGMARK and Hallmark logos certify?

    ISI certifies quality of industrial/electrical goods; AGMARK certifies quality of agricultural products; Hallmark certifies the purity of gold and other precious metals.

22. What is the significance of 24 December and 15 March for consumers in India?

    24 December is celebrated as National Consumers' Day (COPRA enacted on this day in 1986); 15 March is World Consumer Rights Day.

23. How did the First World War create conditions for nationalism in India?

    It led to a huge rise in defence expenditure, increased taxes, soaring prices and forced recruitment in rural areas, causing widespread hardship and resentment that fed the national movement.

24. Why is solar energy considered a promising non-conventional energy source for India?

    India is a tropical country receiving abundant sunlight throughout the year; photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity, which is pollution-free and especially useful for rural and remote areas.

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