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AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) Flashcards
51 question-and-answer cards covering Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) as it is examined in AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission. 24 of them are printed below, taken from across the deck — no signup, no paywall on the preview.
24 sample cards from the Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) deck
Sampled from the end of the deck, so these are different cards from the ones shown on the syllabus page.
Name the four phases of the cell cycle and the key event of S phase.
G1, S, G2 (collectively interphase) and M phase. In S phase, DNA replication occurs and the DNA content doubles (2C to 4C), but chromosome number stays the same.
List the four stages of mitotic division (karyokinesis) in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (followed by cytokinesis).
At which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, and in which sub-stage of prophase I?
Crossing over (exchange of segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes) occurs in prophase I, specifically at the pachytene sub-stage, mediated by recombination nodules.
List the five sub-stages of prophase I of meiosis in order.
Leptotene, Zygotene (synapsis), Pachytene (crossing over), Diplotene (chiasmata visible), Diakinesis.
State Mendel's Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.
Law of Segregation: alleles of a gene pair separate during gamete formation, each gamete receiving only one allele. Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.
In a monohybrid cross, what are the F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Phenotypic ratio 3:1 (dominant:recessive); genotypic ratio 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive).
What is the dihybrid F2 phenotypic ratio, and what does it demonstrate?
9:3:3:1, demonstrating Mendel's law of independent assortment for two pairs of contrasting traits on different chromosomes.
Define incomplete dominance and codominance with an example each.
Incomplete dominance: heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype (e.g. pink flowers in Snapdragon/Mirabilis). Codominance: both alleles express fully in the heterozygote (e.g. AB blood group).
How is the sex of offspring determined in humans (XY system)?
Females are XX (homogametic), males are XY (heterogametic). The sperm carrying the X or Y chromosome determines the sex; an X-bearing sperm gives a girl, a Y-bearing sperm gives a boy.
What were Griffith's transforming principle and the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty conclusion?
Griffith showed heat-killed virulent S-bacteria could transform live non-virulent R-bacteria; Avery, MacLeod and McCarty identified the transforming principle as DNA, establishing DNA as the genetic material.
State the base-pairing rules and Chargaff's rule for DNA.
Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 H-bonds) and Guanine with Cytosine (3 H-bonds). Chargaff's rule: A = T and G = C, so purines = pyrimidines.
What does 'semiconservative DNA replication' mean and who demonstrated it?
Each daughter DNA has one parental (old) strand and one newly synthesised strand. Demonstrated by Meselson and Stahl (1958) using 15N labelling in E. coli.
Define the central dogma of molecular biology.
The flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA (transcription) → Protein (translation). (Reverse transcription, RNA→DNA, occurs in retroviruses.)
What are the salient features of the genetic code?
It is triplet (codons of 3 bases), nearly universal, degenerate (multiple codons per amino acid), non-overlapping, comma-less, unambiguous, and has start (AUG) and stop (UAA, UAG, UGA) codons.
Describe the components of the lac operon and its mode of regulation.
Lac operon: regulatory gene (i), promoter (p), operator (o), and structural genes z, y, a. Negatively regulated: in absence of lactose the repressor binds the operator (off); lactose (inducer) inactivates repressor, switching it on.
Differentiate the apoplast and symplast pathways of water movement.
Apoplast: water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces without crossing membranes (fast). Symplast: water moves through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata of connected cells (slower).
Define water potential, and what are its two main components in a plant cell?
Water potential (Ψw) is the potential energy of water; pure water = 0. Ψw = Ψs (solute/osmotic potential, negative) + Ψp (pressure potential). Water moves from higher to lower water potential.
State the transpiration pull (cohesion-tension) theory of ascent of sap.
Transpiration from leaf mesophyll creates negative pressure (tension); cohesion between water molecules and adhesion to xylem walls forms a continuous column pulled upward through the xylem from roots to leaves.
Differentiate macronutrients and micronutrients and give two examples of each.
Macronutrients are required in large amounts (e.g. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, C, H, O); micronutrients are needed in trace amounts (e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl).
Write the overall balanced equation of photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 12H2O → (in presence of light and chlorophyll) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O.
Differentiate C3 and C4 plants by their primary CO2 acceptor, first stable product, and Kranz anatomy.
C3: acceptor RuBP, first product 3-PGA (3-carbon), no Kranz anatomy. C4: acceptor PEP, first product oxaloacetate (4-carbon), have Kranz anatomy with bundle-sheath cells; C4 are more efficient and lack photorespiration.
What are the products of glycolysis per glucose molecule?
Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) yields 2 pyruvate, a net 2 ATP, and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
Define photorespiration and explain why it is wasteful.
Photorespiration is the light-dependent uptake of O2 and release of CO2 when RuBisCO fixes O2 instead of CO2 in C3 plants; it produces no sugar, no ATP and no NADPH, reducing photosynthetic efficiency.
Name the five major groups of plant growth regulators (phytohormones) and one role of each.
Auxins (cell elongation, apical dominance), Gibberellins (stem elongation, bolting), Cytokinins (cell division), Ethylene (fruit ripening, gaseous), Abscisic acid (stress/stomatal closure, dormancy - the 'stress hormone').
What this deck covers
The Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) deck follows the AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) syllabus — 5 chapters and 20 topics — so questions land on material that is genuinely examinable rather than trivia around it. That works out to roughly 10.2 cards per chapter.
Answers are written to be recallable, not just readable — averaging about 167 characters, which is long enough to carry the reasoning and short enough to say out loud.
A deck like this earns its keep on the second and third pass. Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then use the cards to find the specific facts that have not stuck.
Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) flashcards FAQ
How many Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) flashcards are in this AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission deck?
51 cards. This page previews 24 of them, sampled evenly across the deck so you can judge the difficulty before installing anything.
Are these AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission flashcards free?
Yes. The preview here is free to read with no signup, and the full 51-card deck is free inside the Examius app.
What do the Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) cards cover?
They follow the AFMC / NEET-linked AFMC Admission Botany (NEET-UG Biology: Plant Sciences) syllabus — 5 chapters and 20 topics — so the questions track what is actually examinable.
How should I use these flashcards?
Read the syllabus first so you know the shape of the subject, then drill the deck. Examius schedules each card with spaced repetition, so cards you keep missing come back sooner and ones you know drift further apart.