PGIMER Entrance Community Medicine, Medicine and Surgery Syllabus

Community Medicine, Medicine and Surgery syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Community Medicine, Medicine and Surgery in PGIMER Entrance, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Preventive and Social Medicine

   4 topics

   • Epidemiology and study designs
   • Biostatistics and screening tests
   • Communicable disease control and epidemics
   • National health programmes and demography
     • RNTCP and immunization programmes
     • Maternal and child health indicators
2. 2

   General Medicine

   4 topics

   • Cardiology and respiratory medicine
   • Endocrinology and metabolic disorders
   • Nephrology and gastroenterology
   • Neurology and infectious diseases
3. 3

   General Surgery and Allied Specialties

   4 topics

   • Wound healing, shock and fluid management
   • Surgical infections and oncology principles
   • Abdominal and hepatobiliary surgery
   • Trauma and burns management
4. 4

   Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Paediatrics

   4 topics

   • Antenatal care and labour management
   • Obstetric and gynaecological emergencies
   • Contraception and infertility
   • Neonatology and growth-development
     • Newborn resuscitation and care
     • Immunization and nutritional disorders

Community Medicine, Medicine and Surgery flashcards for PGIMER Entrance

24 of 52 cards from the Community Medicine, Medicine and Surgery deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. In epidemiological study designs, which design is best suited to study rare diseases and why?

   Case-control study, because it starts with diseased (cases) and non-diseased (controls) and looks backward for exposure, allowing study of rare diseases without needing huge populations. It yields the odds ratio.

2. Which study design is best for studying rare exposures and can directly measure incidence and relative risk?

   Cohort (prospective) study. It starts with exposed and non-exposed groups and follows them forward, allowing direct calculation of incidence and relative risk.

3. State the formula for Relative Risk (RR) in a cohort study using a 2x2 table (a=exposed diseased, b=exposed healthy, c=unexposed diseased, d=unexposed healthy).

   RR = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)] = incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed.

4. State the formula for Odds Ratio (OR) in a case-control study (a=case exposed, b=control exposed, c=case unexposed, d=control unexposed).

   OR = (a x d) / (b x c) (cross-product ratio).

5. Define incidence rate and prevalence, and give the relationship between them.

   Incidence = number of NEW cases over a period / population at risk. Prevalence = all existing cases at a point / total population. Relationship: Prevalence ≈ Incidence x Average duration of disease (P = I x D).

6. What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity of a screening test?

   Sensitivity = ability to correctly identify those WITH disease = TP/(TP+FN). Specificity = ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT disease = TN/(TN+FP).

7. How do positive predictive value (PPV) and prevalence relate to each other?

   PPV = TP/(TP+FP). PPV increases as disease prevalence increases (and falls in low-prevalence populations), even if sensitivity and specificity stay constant.

8. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion are appropriate for skewed (non-normal) data?

   Median (central tendency) and interquartile range / range (dispersion), because they are not distorted by outliers, unlike mean and standard deviation.

9. What does a p-value < 0.05 indicate, and what is a Type I error?

   p < 0.05 means the result is statistically significant (less than 5% probability the finding is due to chance), so the null hypothesis is rejected. Type I error (alpha) = rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).

10. Differentiate Type I and Type II errors and define statistical power.

    Type I error (alpha) = rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive). Type II error (beta) = accepting a false null hypothesis (false negative). Power = 1 - beta = probability of detecting a true effect.

11. Which statistical test is used to compare two means, and which compares categorical/proportion data?

    Student's t-test compares two means (continuous data). Chi-square test compares proportions/categorical data. ANOVA compares more than two means.

12. Define herd immunity and the basic reproduction number (R0).

    Herd immunity = protection of a population when a sufficient proportion is immune, interrupting transmission. R0 = average number of secondary cases produced by one infected case in a fully susceptible population. Herd immunity threshold = 1 - 1/R0.

13. What is the difference between an epidemic, endemic, and pandemic?

    Endemic = constant/usual presence of a disease in a population/area. Epidemic = occurrence clearly in excess of expected in a community. Pandemic = epidemic spread over several countries/continents affecting large populations.

14. Name the levels of disease prevention with one example each.

    Primordial (preventing risk factors—healthy lifestyle policy); Primary (immunization, health promotion); Secondary (early diagnosis/screening, treatment); Tertiary (rehabilitation, limiting disability).

15. What is the incubation period vs. communicable period of an infectious disease?

    Incubation period = time from entry of pathogen to onset of first symptoms. Communicable (infectious) period = time during which the agent can be transmitted from an infected host to another.

16. List the components of the epidemiological triad.

    Agent, Host, and Environment. Disease results from the interaction of these three factors.

17. What is the chemoprophylaxis of choice and indication for diphtheria, and the antitoxin used in treatment?

    Chemoprophylaxis: erythromycin or benzathine penicillin for close contacts. Treatment uses diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) plus antibiotics. Active immunization is via DPT vaccine.

18. Under India's Universal Immunization Programme, name the vaccines given at birth.

    BCG, Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV-0 / zero dose), and Hepatitis B (birth dose).

19. What is the IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) formula and what does it indicate?

    IMR = (Number of infant deaths under 1 year in a year / Number of live births in same year) x 1000. It is a sensitive index of the health status and socioeconomic development of a community.

20. Define Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and its denominator.

    MMR = (Number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy/childbirth complications in a year / Number of live births in same year) x 100,000. Denominator is live births.

21. What is the demographic cycle stage describing high birth rate with falling death rate (population explosion)?

    The Early Expanding stage (Stage 2) of the demographic cycle—high birth rate persists while death rate declines, causing rapid population growth.

22. In cardiology, what ECG changes indicate ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and which artery occlusion causes inferior wall MI?

    STEMI shows ST-segment elevation in contiguous leads with reciprocal changes. Inferior wall MI (leads II, III, aVF) is usually due to Right Coronary Artery (RCA) occlusion.

23. What is the classic triad of right heart failure (cor pulmonale) signs and the most common cause?

    Raised JVP, hepatomegaly, and pedal/dependent edema. The most common cause is chronic lung disease (COPD) leading to pulmonary hypertension.

24. In respiratory medicine, how do obstructive and restrictive lung diseases differ on spirometry (FEV1/FVC ratio)?

    Obstructive (asthma, COPD): FEV1/FVC ratio REDUCED (<0.7). Restrictive (fibrosis, sarcoidosis): FEV1/FVC ratio NORMAL or increased, with both FEV1 and FVC reduced and low total lung capacity.

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