MHT CET Biology (Zoology) Syllabus

Biology (Zoology) syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Biology (Zoology) in MHT CET, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Human Physiology I

   3 topics

   • Circulation and Respiration
     • Structure and working of the human heart
     • Mechanism of breathing and gas exchange
   • Excretion and Osmoregulation
     • Structure of nephron and urine formation
     • Regulation of kidney function
   • Digestion and Absorption
     • Human digestive system and enzymes
     • Absorption and assimilation of nutrients
2. 2

   Human Physiology II

   3 topics

   • Neural Control and Coordination
     • Neuron structure and nerve impulse
     • Central and peripheral nervous system
   • Chemical Coordination and Integration
     • Endocrine glands and hormones
     • Mechanism of hormone action
   • Locomotion and Movement
     • Skeletal muscle and contraction mechanism
     • Skeletal system and joints
3. 3

   Human Reproduction and Health

   3 topics

   • Human Reproduction
     • Male and female reproductive systems
     • Gametogenesis, menstrual cycle and embryonic development
   • Reproductive Health
     • Contraception and assisted reproductive technologies
     • Sexually transmitted diseases
   • Human Health and Disease
     • Immunity and the immune system
     • Pathogens, infectious diseases and immunology
4. 4

   Evolution and Applied Biology

   3 topics

   • Evolution
     • Theories of evolution and evidences
     • Hardy-Weinberg principle and human evolution
   • Biotechnology and Its Applications
     • Applications in medicine and agriculture
     • Transgenic organisms and biosafety
   • Animal Husbandry and Microbes in Welfare
     • Animal breeding and management
     • Microbes in industrial and household products

Biology (Zoology) flashcards for MHT CET

22 of 51 cards from the Biology (Zoology) deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. In the human heart, which valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

   The bicuspid (mitral) valve.

2. Define cardiac output and give its normal resting value in humans.

   Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate. Normal value is about 5 litres/minute (70 mL x 72 beats).

3. What is the natural pacemaker of the human heart and where is it located?

   The sino-atrial node (SA node), located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava.

4. How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

   About 70% as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma, about 20-25% as carbamino-haemoglobin bound to haemoglobin, and about 7% dissolved in plasma.

5. State the role of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (Bohr effect).

   High pO2, low pCO2, low H+ and low temperature favour formation of oxyhaemoglobin (in alveoli). Low pO2, high pCO2, high H+ and high temperature favour dissociation/release of O2 (in tissues) - this rightward shift is the Bohr effect.

6. What is vital capacity of the lungs?

   Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced maximum inspiration. VC = ERV + TV + IRV (about 3500-4500 mL).

7. Name the structural and functional unit of the kidney and its two main parts.

   The nephron; its two parts are the renal corpuscle (Malpighian body = glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) and the renal tubule.

8. Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and give its normal value.

   GFR is the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute. Normal value is about 125 mL/minute (about 180 litres/day).

9. Which hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidney and on which part does it act?

   Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) increases water reabsorption by acting mainly on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

10. Classify animals on the basis of nitrogenous waste excreted, with examples.

    Ammonotelic (excrete ammonia - bony fishes, aquatic amphibians); Ureotelic (excrete urea - mammals, terrestrial amphibians); Uricotelic (excrete uric acid - birds, reptiles, insects).

11. What is the role of the counter-current mechanism in the kidney?

    The counter-current mechanism between the loop of Henle (vasa recta) maintains a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium, enabling production of concentrated (hypertonic) urine and conservation of water.

12. Name the enzyme present in saliva and the substrate it acts on.

    Salivary amylase (ptyalin); it hydrolyses starch into maltose, isomaltose and dextrins.

13. What is the role of bile in digestion even though it contains no enzymes?

    Bile emulsifies fats (breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets) increasing surface area for lipase action, activates lipase, and neutralizes acidic chyme.

14. Name the proteolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas and their activation.

    Trypsinogen (activated to trypsin by enterokinase), chymotrypsinogen (activated to chymotrypsin by trypsin), and procarboxypeptidase (activated to carboxypeptidase by trypsin).

15. Where are the final products of carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion absorbed?

    In the small intestine, mainly through the villi of the jejunum and ileum; glucose and amino acids enter blood capillaries, while fatty acids/glycerol (as chylomicrons) enter lymph lacteals.

16. What are the deficiency diseases caused by lack of vitamin A and vitamin C?

    Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness (and xerophthalmia); vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy.

17. Name the parts of a neuron and the gap between two neurons.

    A neuron has dendrites, cell body (cyton/soma), and axon; the junction between two neurons is the synapse.

18. What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron and which ion is mainly responsible?

    The resting membrane potential is about -70 mV; it is maintained mainly by the sodium-potassium pump and the higher permeability of the membrane to K+ ions (axoplasm negative outside positive).

19. Describe the events of an action potential (nerve impulse) in brief.

    Depolarization: Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in making inside positive (about +30 mV). Repolarization: K+ channels open, K+ moves out restoring negativity. Then the Na+-K+ pump restores resting potential.

20. Name the three main parts of the human brain and one major function of each.

    Forebrain (cerebrum - intelligence, memory, voluntary actions), Midbrain (controls visual and auditory reflexes), Hindbrain (cerebellum - balance and coordination; medulla - controls respiration, heartbeat).

21. Differentiate between a synapse with a neurotransmitter and an electrical synapse.

    Chemical synapse: impulse transmitted across a gap by neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine); slower, one-way. Electrical synapse: membranes are in close contact and current flows directly; faster, but less common.

22. Name the master gland of the body and the hormone that controls calcium metabolism.

    The pituitary gland is the master gland; parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland raises blood calcium levels.

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