GATE Textile Engineering Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties Syllabus

Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties in GATE Textile Engineering, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Winding Processes

   3 topics

   • Principles of Winding Processes
   • Classification of Winding Methods
   • Patterning Mechanism
2. 2

   Warping and Sizing

   5 topics

   • Warping Objectives and Classification
   • Types of Warping Creels
   • Features of Beam and Sectional Warping Machines
   • Different Sizing Systems
   • Sizing of Spun and Filament Yarns
3. 3

   Loom Mechanisms

   12 topics

   • Primary and Secondary Motions of Loom
   • Shedding Motion
     • Positive and Negative Shedding Mechanisms
     • Type of Sheds
   • Weft Insertion
     • Mechanics of Weft Insertion with Shuttle
     • Shuttle Picking and Checking
   • Beat-up
   • Kinematics of Sley
   • Loom Timing Diagram
   • Cam Designing
   • Effect of Sley Setting and Cam Profile on Fabric Formation
   • Take-up and Let-off Motions
   • Warp and Weft Stop Motions
   • Warp Protection
   • Weft Replenishment
4. 4

   Weaving Technologies

   3 topics

   • Principles of Weft Insertion Systems of Shuttle-less Weaving Machines
     • Projectile
     • Rapier
     • Water-jet
     • Air-jet
   • Principles of Functioning of Multiphase and Circular Looms
   • Types of Selvedges
5. 5

   Fabric Constructions

   2 topics

   • Basic Woven Fabric Constructions and Derivatives
     • Crepe
     • Cord
     • Terry
     • Gauze
     • Leno
     • Double Cloth
   • Drawing and Lifting Plans
6. 6

   Knitting Technologies

   2 topics

   • Fundamentals of Weft Knitting
     • Classification of Weft Knitting Technologies
     • Weft Knitted Constructions
     • Different Knit Stitches
   • Principle of Warp Knitting
     • Classification of Warp Knitting Technologies
     • Swinging and Shogging Motion of Guide Bar
     • Basic Warp Knit Construction
7. 7

   Nonwoven Fabrics and Braiding

   4 topics

   • Fibre Preparation Processes for Nonwovens
   • Web Formation and Bonding Processes
     • Spun-bonding and Melt-blowing Technologies
   • Applications of Nonwoven Fabrics
   • Principles of Braiding
     • Type of Braids
     • Maypole Braiding Technology
8. 8

   Fabric Geometry and Properties

   6 topics

   • Peirce's Equations for Plain Woven Fabric Geometry
   • Elastic Model of Plain-Woven Fabric
   • Thickness, Cover, and Maximum Set of Woven Fabrics
   • Geometry of Plain Weft Knitted Loop
   • Munden's Constants and Tightness Factor for Plain Weft Knitted Fabrics
   • Geometry of Tubular Braids

Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties flashcards for GATE Textile Engineering

20 of 51 cards from the Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is the primary objective of the winding process in yarn preparation?

   To transfer yarn from small spinning packages (ring bobbins, cops, hanks) onto larger, well-formed packages (cones/cheeses) while clearing objectionable yarn faults (slubs, thick/thin places). This produces a large, fault-free, suitably tensioned package convenient for subsequent processes such as warping and weft supply.

2. Name the main functions performed during winding besides making a larger package.

   Yarn clearing (removing slubs, thick/thin faults via mechanical or electronic clearers), splicing/knotting of broken ends, tensioning for proper package density, waxing (for knitting yarns), and detecting/removing foreign matter.

3. How are winding methods broadly classified by package build (traverse-spindle relationship)?

   Into (1) Precision (close/parallel) winding, where the spindle and traverse are positively geared so the wind ratio is constant, and (2) Non-precision/Random (drum) winding, where the package is driven by surface friction from a grooved drum and the wind ratio varies with package diameter. Cross-wound (cheese/cone) vs parallel-wound is a further build classification.

4. Compare precision (close) winding and random (drum) winding.

   Precision: spindle-driven, constant wind ratio, tightly controlled close-wound dense package, good for sewing/precision threads but prone to patterning. Random: friction drum-driven, surface speed constant, wind ratio falls as diameter grows, gives cross-wound open packages (cones/cheeses) with good unwinding but lower density.

5. Define the term 'wind' (winding ratio) in a cross-wound package.

   The wind, or winding ratio, is the number of coils (wraps) of yarn laid on the package during one double traverse of the yarn guide. In precision winding it is constant; in random winding it decreases continuously as package diameter increases.

6. What is the angle of wind (coil angle) in a cross-wound package?

   The coil (helix) angle is the angle the wound coil makes with the plane of the package end (perpendicular to the package axis). The total crossing angle between two adjacent coil layers is the angle of wind ($2\alpha$). It is governed by the ratio of traverse speed to surface (peripheral) speed.

7. Distinguish cross winding from parallel winding.

   In cross winding the yarn is laid at a large helix/traverse angle so successive coils cross each other (self-supporting cones/cheeses unwound over-end at high speed). In parallel winding the coils lie nearly parallel to the package end (low angle), requiring flanged support and giving side-withdrawal packages (e.g., warper's beams).

8. What is patterning (ribboning) in winding, and what causes it?

   Patterning is the undesirable stacking of successive coils directly on or close to one another, forming hard ribbon-like bands. It occurs when the wind ratio reaches a whole number (integer) so coils retrace previous paths. It causes hard rings, sloughing-off, uneven unwinding tension and uneven dyeing.

9. List anti-patterning (anti-ribboning) measures used in drum winding.

   Periodically disturbing/breaking the drum or spindle speed so the integer wind ratio is avoided, package end-displacement or oscillation, use of split/break drums, gain mechanisms, and electronic anti-patterning that momentarily varies rotational speed at pattern-prone diameters.

10. Differentiate a cheese from a cone package.

    A cheese is a cylindrical cross-wound package (parallel flat ends, constant diameter). A cone is a conical cross-wound package built on a tapered tube; cones unwind more freely at high speed and are preferred for warping and shuttleless weft supply.

11. State the objectives of warping.

    To arrange a predetermined number of warp ends of specified length parallel to one another, at uniform tension and spacing, and wind them onto a warper's beam (or sectional drum). It converts many wound packages into a sheet of warp for sizing/weaving.

12. How is warping classified?

    Into (1) Beam (direct/high-speed) warping, where all ends are wound directly onto a warper's beam in one operation, and (2) Sectional (indirect/pattern/drum) warping, where ends are first wound as sections onto a drum and then beamed onto the weaver's beam.

13. List the key features of beam (direct) warping.

    All ends from the creel are wound simultaneously onto a flanged warper's beam; high production speed; several warper's beams are later combined during sizing; best suited to large lots of grey or single-colour yarn that will be sized; uniform tension across full width.

14. List the key features of sectional warping and when it is used.

    Ends are warped in sections onto a drum (with a taper at one end) and then beamed onto the weaver's beam in a single beaming operation. Used for coloured/striped/check patterns, small lots and filament yarns; often no separate sizing is done. Lower production but flexible for fancy designs.

15. Compare beam warping and sectional warping.

    Beam: high speed, large lots, solid/grey yarn, requires subsequent sizing of combined beams, lower flexibility. Sectional: lower speed, small/patterned lots, colour-stripe capability, direct weaver's beam without separate sizing, but more skill and time per beam.

16. What are the main types of warping creels?

    By function: magazine (reserve) creel, truck/chain creel, travelling (migrating) creel, and swing/portable creels. By thread arrangement: single-end and double-end (V-shaped) creels. Creels may also be classified by package-change method (knotting vs automatic transfer).

17. Describe a magazine (reserve) creel and its advantage.

    Each peg holds a working (running) package plus a reserve package; the tail end of the running package is tied to the leading end of the reserve. When one package exhausts, supply transfers automatically to the reserve without stopping the machine, giving continuous, high-efficiency warping.

18. What is the advantage of a V-creel (double-end / magazine V) arrangement?

    In a V-creel the packages are arranged in a V so all ends travel almost equal path lengths to the warper, giving more uniform end tension across the warp sheet, easier package changing/threading, and compact floor use for large numbers of ends.

19. State the objective of sizing.

    To apply a protective adhesive (size) film/coating on warp yarns so as to increase strength, improve abrasion resistance, lay in protruding fibres (reduce hairiness), and add smoothness, enabling the warp to withstand the cyclic stresses, abrasion and flexing of weaving with minimum breakage.

20. Give the formula for size add-on (size pick-up) percentage.

    $$\text{Size add-on \%} = \frac{W_{\text{sized}} - W_{\text{unsized}}}{W_{\text{unsized}}} \times 100$$ where weights are taken on an oven-dry basis. It expresses the dry weight of size added relative to the dry weight of the original (grey) yarn.

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