CSS Environmental Sciences Environmental Governance in Pakistan Syllabus

Environmental Governance in Pakistan syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Environmental Governance in Pakistan in CSS Environmental Sciences, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   National Policies and Strategies

   4 topics

   • National Conservation Strategy 1992
   • National Environmental Policy 2005
   • National Drinking Water Policy 2009
   • National Climate Change Policy 2012
2. 2

   Environmental Legislation

   4 topics

   • Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997
   • Pak-EPA Regulations 2000
   • Hazardous Substances Rules 2005
   • Pollution Charge Rules
3. 3

   Sectoral Rules and Plans

   3 topics

   • Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005
   • Solid Waste Management Plan 2005
   • National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
4. 4

   Institutional Framework

   4 topics

   • Federal and Provincial EPAs
   • Ministry of Climate Change
   • Role of Judiciary and Environmental Tribunals
   • Devolution under the 18th Amendment

Environmental Governance in Pakistan flashcards for CSS Environmental Sciences

20 of 49 cards from the Environmental Governance in Pakistan deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. What is the National Conservation Strategy (NCS), and in what year was it approved by the Government of Pakistan?

   The NCS is Pakistan's principal policy document for sustainable development and natural resource conservation, approved by the Federal Cabinet in March 1992. It served as the broad framework for environmental planning.

2. How many priority program areas did the National Conservation Strategy 1992 identify for action?

   14 priority program areas (core areas), such as maintaining soils, increasing irrigation efficiency, protecting watersheds, supporting forestry/plantations, restoring rangelands/livestock, protecting water bodies/sustaining fisheries, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, developing renewables, preventing/abating pollution, managing urban waste, supporting institutions for common resources, integrating population/environment, and preserving cultural heritage.

3. The National Conservation Strategy 1992 was built around which three core objectives?

   (1) Conservation of natural resources, (2) Sustainable development, and (3) Improved efficiency in the use and management of resources.

4. What is the stated goal of Pakistan's National Environmental Policy 2005?

   To protect, conserve and restore Pakistan's environment in order to improve the quality of life of citizens through sustainable development.

5. Which ministry/body issued the National Environmental Policy in 2005?

   The Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan, with approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC).

6. Name four key sectoral areas addressed by the National Environmental Policy 2005.

   Water management and conservation; air quality and noise; waste management; forestry; biodiversity and protected areas; climate change and ozone depletion; energy efficiency and renewables; agriculture and livestock. (Any four.)

7. The National Environmental Policy 2005 recognizes which cross-cutting issues requiring integration into environmental management?

   Population, gender, health, trade, poverty-environment nexus, environment and local governance, and natural disaster management.

8. What is the central aim of the National Drinking Water Policy 2009?

   To ensure that safe drinking water is available to the entire population of Pakistan, at an affordable cost and in an equitable, efficient and sustainable manner.

9. What universal-access target did the National Drinking Water Policy 2009 set for safe drinking water?

   Access to safe drinking water for the entire population by 2025 (with an interim halving of the proportion without access in line with the Millennium Development Goals).

10. Under the National Drinking Water Policy 2009, who is given the highest priority for water allocation?

    Drinking water (human consumption) is given the highest priority, taking precedence over other uses such as agriculture and industry.

11. Which body is responsible for overall coordination and monitoring of the National Drinking Water Policy 2009?

    The Ministry of Environment (now devolved to provinces after the 18th Amendment), working with provincial governments and local authorities.

12. In what year was Pakistan's first National Climate Change Policy adopted?

    2012.

13. What is the overarching goal of the National Climate Change Policy 2012?

    To ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy and to steer Pakistan towards climate-resilient development.

14. The National Climate Change Policy 2012 addresses which two broad categories of response to climate change?

    Adaptation (e.g., water, agriculture, coastal areas, health, disaster preparedness) and Mitigation (e.g., energy, transport, industry, forestry, reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

15. Why is adaptation emphasized over mitigation in Pakistan's National Climate Change Policy 2012?

    Because Pakistan contributes very little to global greenhouse gas emissions yet is highly vulnerable to climate impacts (floods, droughts, glacial melt, sea-level rise), making adaptation the priority.

16. Which sectors does the National Climate Change Policy 2012 identify as most vulnerable to climate change in Pakistan?

    Water resources, agriculture and livestock, forestry, biodiversity, health, and coastal areas/marine ecosystems; plus disaster preparedness and human settlements.

17. What is the full title and year of Pakistan's principal federal environmental statute?

    The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997).

18. Which earlier ordinance did the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 repeal and replace?

    The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983.

19. Under PEPA 1997, what is the highest decision-making body for environmental policy, and who heads it?

    The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), headed by the Prime Minister (or a person nominated by the PM, such as the Federal Minister for Environment).

20. What environmental clearance does Section 12 of PEPA 1997 require before commencing certain projects?

    Filing of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and obtaining approval from the relevant EPA before construction or operation begins.

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