COMEDK UGET Chemistry - Organic Chemistry Syllabus

Chemistry - Organic Chemistry syllabus — full chapter and topic list

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics. This is the whole examinable outline for Chemistry - Organic Chemistry in COMEDK UGET, not a summary of it.

1. 1

   Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

   3 topics

   • Basic Principles and Techniques
     • IUPAC nomenclature
     • Electronic effects: inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation
     • Reaction intermediates and types of reactions
   • Isomerism and Stereochemistry
     • Structural isomerism
     • Optical and geometrical isomerism
   • Purification and Characterisation
     • Methods of purification
     • Qualitative and quantitative analysis
2. 2

   Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives

   3 topics

   • Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
     • Alkanes and conformations
     • Alkenes and alkynes
   • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
     • Benzene and aromaticity
     • Electrophilic aromatic substitution
   • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
     • Nucleophilic substitution SN1 and SN2
     • Elimination reactions
3. 3

   Oxygen-Containing Compounds

   3 topics

   • Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
     • Preparation and properties
     • Acidity of phenols
   • Aldehydes and Ketones
     • Nucleophilic addition reactions
     • Aldol and Cannizzaro reactions
   • Carboxylic Acids
     • Preparation and properties
     • Acidity and derivatives
4. 4

   Nitrogen Compounds, Biomolecules and Polymers

   4 topics

   • Amines and Diazonium Salts
     • Classification and basicity
     • Diazonium salt reactions
   • Biomolecules
     • Carbohydrates
     • Proteins and amino acids
     • Nucleic acids, vitamins and hormones
   • Polymers
     • Classification of polymers
     • Addition and condensation polymerisation
   • Chemistry in Everyday Life
     • Drugs and their action
     • Chemicals in food and cleansing agents

Chemistry - Organic Chemistry flashcards for COMEDK UGET

20 of 51 cards from the Chemistry - Organic Chemistry deck — real questions with worked answers.

1. In organic chemistry, what is an inductive effect?

   The permanent polarization of a sigma bond due to electronegativity differences, transmitted through the chain and weakening with distance. -I groups (e.g. -NO2, -COOH) withdraw electrons; +I groups (e.g. alkyl) donate electrons.

2. What is a carbocation, and how does its stability order go?

   A positively charged carbon species (electron-deficient, sp2, planar). Stability order: tertiary (3°) > secondary (2°) > primary (1°) > methyl, due to +I and hyperconjugation; resonance-stabilized (allyl/benzyl) are even more stable.

3. Define hyperconjugation.

   Delocalization of sigma (C-H) bond electrons into an adjacent empty p-orbital or pi system (no-bond resonance). It stabilizes carbocations and alkenes; more alpha C-H bonds means greater stability.

4. What is the difference between homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage?

   Homolytic: bond breaks evenly, each atom keeps one electron, forming free radicals (uses single-barbed arrows). Heterolytic: one atom takes both electrons, forming ions (carbocation + carbanion/anion).

5. What are electrophiles and nucleophiles?

   Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that accept an electron pair (e.g. H+, NO2+, AlCl3). Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate an electron pair (e.g. OH-, CN-, NH3).

6. Distinguish between structural (constitutional) isomerism and stereoisomerism.

   Structural isomers differ in the connectivity/arrangement of atoms (chain, position, functional, metamerism, tautomerism). Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement (geometrical and optical isomers).

7. What are enantiomers and diastereomers?

   Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images (same physical properties except rotation of plane-polarized light is equal and opposite). Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images (different physical properties).

8. State the condition for geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism.

   Restricted rotation about a double bond (or ring) AND each doubly-bonded carbon must bear two different groups. Cis = similar groups on same side; trans = opposite sides.

9. What is a meso compound?

   A molecule that contains chiral (stereogenic) centres but is optically inactive due to an internal plane of symmetry; it is superimposable on its mirror image. Example: meso-tartaric acid.

10. What is a racemic mixture and what is its specific rotation?

    An equimolar (50:50) mixture of two enantiomers. It is optically inactive (specific rotation = 0) because the rotations cancel; denoted (±) or dl.

11. State the priority basis of the R/S (CIP) configuration system.

    Rank the four groups on a chiral centre by atomic number (higher = higher priority). With the lowest priority pointing away, if 1→2→3 is clockwise it is R, anticlockwise it is S.

12. What is Lassaigne's test used for in organic analysis?

    Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, and halogens in an organic compound by fusing it with sodium to convert these elements into ionizable inorganic compounds (e.g. NaCN, Na2S, NaX) in the sodium extract.

13. In Lassaigne's test, which reagent confirms nitrogen and what is the positive result?

    Adding FeSO4 then warming with H2SO4 to the sodium extract: a Prussian blue colour (ferric ferrocyanide) confirms nitrogen.

14. Which purification technique separates two liquids with a large difference in boiling points, and which separates close boiling points?

    Simple distillation separates liquids with a large boiling-point difference; fractional distillation (using a fractionating column) separates liquids with close boiling points.

15. What is the principle of chromatography?

    Separation of components of a mixture based on their differential distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase (adsorption or partition). Examples: column, thin-layer (TLC), and paper chromatography.

16. State the formula to calculate the percentage of carbon and hydrogen by Liebig's combustion method.

    %C = (12/44) × (mass of CO2 / mass of compound) × 100; %H = (2/18) × (mass of H2O / mass of compound) × 100.

17. What is the general formula of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

    Alkanes CnH2n+2 (saturated); alkenes CnH2n (one C=C); alkynes CnH2n-2 (one C≡C).

18. State Markovnikov's rule for addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene.

    In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, the negative part (X) attaches to the carbon bearing fewer hydrogen atoms, i.e. the hydrogen goes to the carbon with more hydrogens (via the more stable carbocation).

19. What is the peroxide (Kharasch) effect / anti-Markovnikov addition?

    In the presence of peroxides, HBr (only HBr) adds to an unsymmetrical alkene in anti-Markovnikov fashion (Br to the less substituted carbon) via a free-radical mechanism.

20. How are alkanes prepared by Wurtz reaction?

    Two molecules of alkyl halide react with sodium metal in dry ether to give a symmetrical alkane: 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX. Used to make alkanes with an even number of carbons.

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