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CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology Syllabus
The Botany & Zoology syllabus for CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) in full: 1 chapter and 5 topics, every one listed below, plus 51 Botany & Zoology flashcards with answers.
Botany & Zoology syllabus: 1 chapter, 5 topics
Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics.
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Botany
5 topics- Systematics of plants
- Ecology and Evolution
- Cytology and Physiology of plants
- Economic botany
- Tissue culture and biotechnology applications
CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology flashcards — 51 questions with answers
What is plant systematics (taxonomy)?
The science of identifying, naming, classifying, and determining the evolutionary relationships of plants.
Who is regarded as the 'Father of Taxonomy' and what system did he introduce?
Carolus Linnaeus; he introduced binomial nomenclature and a sexual system of classification.
What is binomial nomenclature?
A two-part Latin naming system: genus (capitalized) + species epithet (lowercase), both italicized, e.g., Oryza sativa.
List the taxonomic hierarchy from highest to lowest rank.
Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
What is the basic unit of classification?
The species.
Name the three broad types of plant classification systems and an example of each.
Artificial (Linnaeus), Natural (Bentham & Hooker), and Phylogenetic (Engler & Prantl).
What did Bentham & Hooker's classification system propose?
A natural system dividing seed plants into Dicotyledons, Gymnospermae, and Monocotyledons, based largely on morphological characters.
What is a herbarium?
A collection of dried, pressed, and preserved plant specimens mounted on sheets with labels, used as a reference for identification and classification.
Differentiate between flora and fauna.
Flora is the plant life of a region or period; fauna is the animal life of a region or period.
What characterizes the family Poaceae (Gramineae)?
Grasses with hollow stems (culms), nodes and internodes, sheathing leaves, fibrous roots, and caryopsis fruit; includes cereals like rice and wheat.
What is ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and their biotic and abiotic environment.
Define an ecosystem.
A community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with their physical environment (abiotic) as a functional unit.
What is a food chain versus a food web?
A food chain is a single linear sequence of energy transfer; a food web is the interconnected network of many food chains in an ecosystem.
State the 10% law of energy transfer (Lindeman's law).
Only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next; the rest is lost mainly as heat.
What are the trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), tertiary consumers, and decomposers.
Define ecological succession.
The gradual, orderly change in species composition of a community over time until a stable climax community is reached.
Differentiate primary and secondary succession.
Primary succession starts on barren, lifeless substrate with no soil; secondary succession occurs where a community was removed but soil remains.
What is the difference between a niche and a habitat?
Habitat is the physical place where an organism lives; niche is its functional role and position in the ecosystem.
State Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive; heritable variations that improve survival and reproduction are favored, leading to descent with modification ('survival of the fittest').
What is Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
The idea that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime (use and disuse of organs) are passed to offspring; now largely discredited.
Show the other 31 Botany & Zoology flashcards
What are homologous and analogous organs?
Homologous organs share common ancestry but differ in function (e.g., bat wing vs human arm); analogous organs differ in ancestry but share function (e.g., bird wing vs insect wing).
Define convergent evolution.
The independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages due to similar environmental pressures, producing analogous structures.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
In a large, randomly mating population with no mutation, migration, or selection, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations (p² + 2pq + q² = 1).
What is cytology?
The branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, and life processes of cells.
State the three main points of the cell theory.
All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
It is the powerhouse of the cell, carrying out aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
What is the role of the chloroplast and its key pigment?
It is the site of photosynthesis; chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy.
What distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?
Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts; animal cells lack these and have centrioles.
Write the overall equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (in the presence of chlorophyll).
Differentiate the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis.
Light reactions occur in thylakoids producing ATP, NADPH, and O2; the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occurs in the stroma fixing CO2 into glucose.
Write the overall equation for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).
What is transpiration?
The loss of water vapor from aerial parts of the plant, mainly through stomata.
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (lower solute concentration) to lower water potential across a semipermeable membrane.
What is the function of stomata and guard cells?
Stomata are pores for gas exchange and transpiration; guard cells regulate their opening and closing by changing turgor.
Name the major plant hormones and one function of each.
Auxin (cell elongation), Gibberellin (stem growth/germination), Cytokinin (cell division), Abscisic acid (dormancy/stress closure of stomata), Ethylene (fruit ripening).
What is economic botany?
The study of plants useful to humans, including food, fiber, medicine, timber, and other commercial products.
Name three major cereal crops and their family.
Rice, wheat, and maize, all belonging to the family Poaceae (Gramineae).
From which plant part is cotton fiber obtained?
From the seed surface (epidermal hairs) of Gossypium species (family Malvaceae).
What plant source yields cane sugar, and what is the product?
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) yields sucrose (table sugar).
Name two important pulses (legumes) and their nutritional significance.
Chickpea (gram) and lentil; legumes are rich in protein and, via root nodules, fix atmospheric nitrogen.
From which plant is natural rubber obtained?
From the latex of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree).
Name two beverage plants and the part used.
Tea (Camellia sinensis, young leaves) and coffee (Coffea arabica, seeds/beans).
What is plant tissue culture?
The in-vitro aseptic culture of plant cells, tissues, or organs on a nutrient medium under controlled conditions.
What is totipotency?
The ability of a single plant cell to divide and differentiate to regenerate a complete new plant.
What is an explant?
The piece of plant tissue excised and used to initiate a tissue culture.
What is callus in tissue culture?
An unorganized, undifferentiated mass of dividing cells formed from an explant on culture medium.
What is micropropagation?
Rapid clonal multiplication of plants in vitro to produce large numbers of genetically identical plantlets.
Name the most widely used basal medium in plant tissue culture.
Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.
What is somatic embryogenesis?
The development of embryos from somatic (non-reproductive) cells in culture, without fertilization.
What is a transgenic plant, and give a common example.
A plant whose genome has been modified by introducing a foreign gene; e.g., Bt cotton carrying a Bacillus thuringiensis gene for insect resistance.
Which bacterium is used as a natural vector for plant genetic transformation?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome.
CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology FAQ
What is in the CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology syllabus?
CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology is split into 1 chapter: Botany. Together they contain 5 topics.
How many chapters are in CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology?
1 chapter, containing 5 topics.
Are there flashcards for CFTRI M.Sc. (Food Technology) Botany & Zoology?
Yes — a 51-card Botany & Zoology deck, printed in full in the flashcards section of this page and available in the Examius app with spaced repetition. The free plan covers one exam of your choice, including its flashcards; Examius Pro, a one-time purchase, unlocks every other exam and deck.