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Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology Syllabus

The Biology syllabus for Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance in full: 5 chapters, 17 topics and 44 sub-topics, every one listed below, plus 52 Biology flashcards with answers.

5Chapters

17Topics

44Sub-topics

52Flashcards

Biology syllabus: all 5 chapters

Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics.

Cell Biology and Biomolecules
3 topics
- Cell Structure and Function
  - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  - Cell organelles and their functions
  - Cell membrane and transport
- Cell Cycle and Division
  - Mitosis and meiosis
  - Regulation of cell cycle
- Biomolecules
  - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
  - Enzymes and their mechanism
Plant Biology
3 topics
- Plant Morphology and Anatomy
  - Root, stem, leaf and flower
  - Plant tissues and tissue systems
- Plant Physiology
  - Photosynthesis and respiration
  - Transport in plants and transpiration
  - Plant growth and hormones
- Plant Reproduction
  - Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
  - Pollination and fertilization
Human Physiology
5 topics
- Digestion and Absorption
  - Alimentary canal and digestive glands
  - Absorption and assimilation
- Circulation and Respiration
  - Heart structure and cardiac cycle
  - Blood and lymph
  - Respiratory system and gas exchange
- Excretion and Nervous Control
  - Kidney and urine formation
  - Neuron and nerve impulse
  - Brain and reflex action
- Endocrine System and Locomotion
  - Endocrine glands and hormones
  - Muscles, bones and joints
- Human Reproduction
  - Male and female reproductive systems
  - Menstrual cycle and pregnancy
  - Reproductive health and contraception
Genetics and Evolution
3 topics
- Principles of Inheritance
  - Mendel's laws and dihybrid cross
  - Linkage, crossing over and sex determination
  - Genetic disorders
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  - DNA structure and replication
  - Transcription and translation
  - Gene expression and regulation
- Evolution
  - Theories of evolution
  - Evidence and mechanisms of evolution
Human Health, Ecology and Biotechnology
3 topics
- Human Health and Disease
  - Pathogens and common diseases
  - Immunity and the immune system
  - Communicable and lifestyle diseases
- Microbes and Biotechnology
  - Microbes in human welfare
  - Principles and tools of biotechnology
  - Applications in health and agriculture
- Ecology and Environment
  - Ecosystems and energy flow
  - Biodiversity and conservation
  - Environmental issues and pollution

Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology flashcards — 52 questions with answers

What are the three tenets of the cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of cells; the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells (Virchow).
What is the key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have a true (membrane-bound) nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Which organelle is called the 'powerhouse of the cell' and why?
The mitochondrion, because it produces most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation).
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum versus the smooth ER?
Rough ER (studded with ribosomes) synthesizes and processes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids/steroids and detoxifies, and stores calcium.
State the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
The membrane is a fluid phospholipid bilayer with proteins (integral and peripheral) embedded or attached, free to move laterally (Singer and Nicolson, 1972).
What are the phases of the cell cycle in order?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) followed by the M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis); G0 is a quiescent resting phase.
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
The S (synthesis) phase of interphase.
List the four stages of mitosis (karyokinesis) in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of products and chromosome number?
Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 genetically distinct haploid cells, halving the chromosome number.
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over (recombination) occur?
Pachytene of Prophase I.
What are the four major classes of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?
The peptide bond (an amide bond formed by dehydration between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next).
What is the difference between a competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitor?
A competitive inhibitor resembles the substrate and binds the active site (overcome by more substrate); a non-competitive inhibitor binds elsewhere (allosteric site), changing enzyme shape, and is not overcome by more substrate.
Name the monomer units of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; proteins: amino acids; nucleic acids: nucleotides.
What is the difference between a taproot and a fibrous root system?
A taproot has one main primary root with smaller lateral roots (dicots); a fibrous root system has many thin roots of similar size arising from the stem base (monocots).
What is the function of stomata in plant leaves?
Stomata are pores (bounded by guard cells) that allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out) and transpiration (water vapour loss).
Distinguish xylem from phloem in terms of function and direction of transport.
Xylem conducts water and minerals upward from roots to shoots; phloem translocates food (sugars) bidirectionally from source to sink.
What is photosynthesis and its overall equation?
The process by which plants make glucose from CO2 and water using light energy: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
What is transpiration and where does most of it occur?
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from aerial parts of a plant, occurring mostly through the stomata of leaves.
Name the five major plant hormones and one function of each.
Auxin (cell elongation/apical dominance), Gibberellin (stem elongation/germination), Cytokinin (cell division), Abscisic acid (stomatal closure/dormancy), Ethylene (fruit ripening).

Show the other 32 Biology flashcards

What is double fertilization in angiosperms?
One male gamete fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote, and the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid (3n) endosperm.
Differentiate self-pollination from cross-pollination.
Self-pollination transfers pollen to the stigma of the same flower/plant (autogamy); cross-pollination transfers pollen between flowers of different plants of the same species (allogamy).
What are the main parts of a typical flower?
Sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), stamens (androecium - male), and carpels/pistils (gynoecium - female).
Where does protein digestion begin and which enzyme starts it?
Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin (secreted as pepsinogen, activated by HCl).
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Bile (from the liver, stored in the gallbladder) emulsifies fats into small droplets, increasing surface area for lipase action; it contains no digestive enzymes.
Where is most absorption of digested food in humans completed?
In the small intestine, mainly the jejunum and ileum, through villi and microvilli.
What is the normal sequence of blood flow through the four chambers of the human heart?
Right atrium → right ventricle → (lungs) → left atrium → left ventricle → (body).
Differentiate arteries from veins.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated, thick muscular walls, high pressure); veins carry blood toward the heart (usually deoxygenated, thinner walls, valves, low pressure).
What is the role of hemoglobin in respiration?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds and transports oxygen (as oxyhemoglobin) from lungs to tissues and helps carry CO2 back.
What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
Name the three main processes of urine formation in the nephron.
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
What are the three basic parts of a neuron?
Dendrites (receive signals), cell body/soma, and axon (transmits signals).
What is a reflex arc?
The neural pathway of a reflex action: receptor → sensory (afferent) neuron → CNS (spinal cord) → motor (efferent) neuron → effector, allowing an involuntary rapid response.
Which gland is called the 'master gland' and why?
The pituitary gland, because it secretes hormones that regulate many other endocrine glands.
Which hormone regulates blood glucose by lowering it, and which gland secretes it?
Insulin, secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
What are the two main types of muscle proteins responsible for contraction?
Actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).
What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in terms of gamete number?
Spermatogenesis produces 4 functional sperm from one primary spermatocyte; oogenesis produces 1 functional ovum (and 2-3 polar bodies) from one primary oocyte.
What is the function of the placenta in human pregnancy?
It allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between mother and fetus and secretes hormones (e.g., hCG, progesterone) to maintain pregnancy.
State Mendel's Law of Segregation.
During gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene separate (segregate) so that each gamete carries only one allele of each gene.
State Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation (applies to genes on different chromosomes).
What phenotypic ratio results from a monohybrid cross in the F2 generation (complete dominance)?
3:1 (dominant to recessive phenotype).
What is the dihybrid F2 phenotypic ratio in a Mendelian cross?
9:3:3:1.
What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) by two hydrogen bonds; Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C) by three hydrogen bonds.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Genetic information flows from DNA → RNA (transcription) → protein (translation).
Why is DNA replication described as semiconservative?
Each new DNA molecule retains one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.
State the main idea of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Individuals with favourable heritable variations survive and reproduce more successfully ('survival of the fittest'), so advantageous traits accumulate over generations.
What are homologous organs and give an example?
Organs with similar structure/origin but different functions, indicating common ancestry (divergent evolution); e.g., forelimbs of humans, whales, and bats.
Differentiate active immunity from passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by one's own immune response to antigens (e.g., infection or vaccination) and is long-lasting; passive immunity is acquired ready-made antibodies (e.g., from mother or antiserum) and is short-lived.
What is the causative organism of malaria and its vector?
Plasmodium (a protozoan); transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
What microbe and process are used to produce curd/yoghurt from milk?
Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) ferment lactose into lactic acid, coagulating milk proteins.
Define an ecological food chain and trophic level.
A food chain is the linear transfer of energy from producers to consumers; a trophic level is each feeding step (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc.).
What does the 10 percent law (Lindeman) state about energy flow in an ecosystem?
Only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next; the rest is lost mainly as heat (metabolism).

Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology FAQ

What is in the Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology syllabus?

Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology is split into 5 chapters: Cell Biology and Biomolecules, Plant Biology, Human Physiology, Genetics and Evolution and Human Health, Ecology and Biotechnology. Together they contain 17 topics and 44 sub-topics.

How many chapters are in Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology?

5 chapters, containing 17 topics and 44 sub-topics. The largest chapter is Human Physiology, with 5 topics.

Are there flashcards for Military Nursing Service (MNS) Entrance Biology?

Yes — a 52-card Biology deck, printed in full in the flashcards section of this page and available in the Examius app with spaced repetition. The free plan covers one exam of your choice, including its flashcards; Examius Pro, a one-time purchase, unlocks every other exam and deck.