ETEA Medical Test Logical Reasoning Syllabus

In a circular arrangement with people facing the center, how are left and right oriented?

When facing the center, a person's right hand points to the clockwise neighbor's... no—their right side is anticlockwise and left side is clockwise relative to the observer; effectively directions are reversed compared to facing outward.

What is the first step in solving a seating arrangement puzzle?

Identify the type (linear/circular), the direction people face, then place definite/fixed clues first before applying conditional clues.

In a circle of 8 people seated at equal distances, what is the angular gap between adjacent persons?

360° ÷ 8 = 45° between each adjacent person.

What is the subject of 'Blood Relations' problems?

Determining family relationships (father, mother, sibling, cousin, in-law, etc.) between people based on given relational statements.

In blood relations, what does 'A is the son of B's father' make A to B (if A and B are different)?

A is B's brother (they share the same father).

What relation is 'mother's brother' in blood relation questions?

Maternal uncle.

What relation is 'father's sister's husband'?

Uncle (specifically the husband of the paternal aunt).

In a pointing puzzle, a man says 'That woman's mother is the only daughter of my mother.' How is the woman related to the man?

The 'only daughter of my mother' is the man's sister (or himself if no other daughter)—here it is his wife if he is male... correctly: the only daughter of his mother is his sister, so the woman is his sister's daughter, i.e., his niece.

What is a generation chart used for in blood relations?

To organize family members across generations (grandparents, parents, children) using symbols (+ male, − female, = married, horizontal line siblings) to track relationships clearly.

What is 'Direction Sense' testing?

It tests the ability to track directions (N, S, E, W and their combinations) and distances as a person moves, to find final position, distance, or direction from the start.

In direction sense, if you face North and turn right, which direction do you face?

East.

If you face South and take a left turn, which direction are you facing?

East.

Which formula finds the shortest distance between start and end points after movements forming a right angle?

The Pythagorean theorem: shortest distance = √(a² + b²), where a and b are the two perpendicular displacement legs.

A person walks 3 km East then 4 km North. How far is he from the start?

5 km, by Pythagoras: √(3² + 4²) = √25 = 5.

At sunrise, if your shadow falls to your left, which direction are you facing?

North (the sun rises in the East, so shadow points West, which is to your left when facing North).

What is a 'Syllogism'?

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion; you must determine whether the conclusion logically and definitely follows from the given statements (assumed true).

In syllogisms, what does the statement 'All A are B' tell you about A and B?

Every member of A is included in B, but not all B need be A; A is a subset of B.

What conclusion validly follows from 'All cats are animals' and 'All animals are mortal'?

All cats are mortal (valid transitive conclusion).

In syllogism, does 'Some A are B' guarantee 'Some B are A'?

Yes. 'Some A are B' is convertible: it also means 'Some B are A'.

Why does 'All A are B' NOT allow the conclusion 'All B are A'?

Because A is only a subset of B; there may be members of B outside A, so the converse is not guaranteed.

What do Venn diagrams help solve in logical reasoning?

They visually represent relationships (all, some, none) between sets/categories to test the validity of syllogism conclusions.

What is a 'Statements and Conclusions' question?

It gives one or more statements (assumed true) and asks which of the listed conclusions logically and definitely follow from those statements.

In 'Statements and Conclusions', what is the golden rule about the truth of statements?

You must take the given statements as completely true, even if they contradict real-world facts, and judge conclusions solely on that basis.

What is 'Cause and Effect' reasoning?

It analyzes two events to determine whether one is the cause and the other the effect, whether both are effects of a common cause, or whether they are independent.

In cause-and-effect questions, what must be true for one event to be the 'cause' of another?

The cause must occur before the effect and must logically produce or trigger the effect; the effect cannot precede its cause.

What is the difference between an immediate effect and a common-cause relationship?

In a direct cause-effect, event A produces event B; in a common cause, A and B are both independent effects produced by a third underlying factor.

What is an 'Assumption' in critical-reasoning questions?

An assumption is something taken for granted—an unstated idea that the author/speaker must believe to be true for the statement or argument to hold.

What test confirms whether something is a necessary assumption of an argument?

The negation test: if negating the assumption makes the argument fall apart or become invalid, it is a necessary (implicit) assumption.

What makes an argument 'strong' versus 'weak' in statement-argument questions?

A strong argument is directly relevant to the question and based on facts/logic, addressing the real issue; a weak argument is irrelevant, trivial, ambiguous, or based on personal opinion or assumption.

What is a 'Figure Series' question?

A non-verbal reasoning question where a sequence of figures changes by a hidden rule (rotation, addition/removal of elements, size/shading change); you select the figure that continues the pattern.

List four common transformations to look for in figure-series problems.

Rotation (clockwise/anticlockwise by fixed angle), reflection/mirroring, addition or deletion of elements/dots/lines, and changes in shading, size, or position of components.