AIAPGET Unani Medicine (BUMS-based Paper) Syllabus

What does Afaal-e-Advia mean and give examples of its categories?

Afaal-e-Advia = the actions/effects of drugs on the body. Categories include drugs acting by their temperament (e.g., Muhallil/resolvent, Munzij/concoctive, Mushil/purgative), and those acting by their specific property (Khasiyat), e.g., Tiryaq (antidote), Musakkin (sedative).

What is Mufradat in Unani pharmacy, and what are the three source-based classes of single drugs?

Mufradat = single (simple) drugs used in unprocessed natural form. The three sources are: Nabatati (plant origin), Haywani (animal origin), and Maadani (mineral origin).

What are Murakkabat in Unani pharmacy?

Murakkabat are compound formulations — preparations made by combining two or more single drugs (Mufradat) in fixed proportions, e.g., Majun, Itrifal, Sharbat, Habb, Safoof, Khamira.

Match these Unani dosage forms to their nature: Majun, Sufoof, Habb, Sharbat, Khamira.

Majun = semi-solid confection (drugs + honey/sugar); Sufoof = fine powder; Habb = pills/tablets; Sharbat = sweet syrup/liquid; Khamira = frothy/whipped confection (often for cardiac/cerebral tonics).

What is Badal (drug substitution) in Unani medicine?

Badal is the substitute drug used in place of an unavailable original drug; it should possess similar temperament and therapeutic action. The original is called 'Mubdal minhu' and the substitute is 'Badal'.

What does Tariqe-e-Istemal refer to in Unani therapeutics?

Tariqe-e-Istemal is the method/route of administration of a drug — e.g., oral (Akl/Shurb), topical/local application (Tila, Zimad), inhalation (Shamoom), suppository (Shiyaf/Huqna/enema), gargle (Gharghara), and snuff (Saoot).

What is Tadeel (correction) of a drug and why is it done?

Tadeel is the correction/modification of a drug's harmful or excessive properties by adding a Musleh (corrective) agent — done to reduce toxicity or side effects while preserving therapeutic action (e.g., adding aniseed to a strong purgative).

In Unani drug standardization/pharmacognosy, what are the main parameters assessed for a crude drug?

Macroscopic (morphology), microscopic (histology), physico-chemical constants (ash value, extractive value, moisture content, foreign matter), phytochemical screening, and tests for heavy metals/microbial load/aflatoxins.

In Nabz (pulse) examination, name at least five parameters traditionally assessed by the Unani physician.

Miqdar (size/volume), Quwwat (strength), Surat-e-Harkat (speed/rate), Qiwam (consistency of vessel wall), Imtila wa Khila (fullness vs emptiness), Hararat (temperature), and Intezam (regularity/rhythm).

In Baul (urine) examination in Unani medicine, what features are assessed?

Color (Laun), quantity (Miqdar), consistency/density (Qiwam), odour (Raiha), froth (Raghwa), sediment (Rasoob/Thufl), and transparency — used to infer humoral state and disease prognosis.

What does the presence of an abundant, white, smooth, evenly suspended sediment (Rasoob) in urine indicate in Unani diagnosis?

It is considered a good (favorable) sign — indicating proper concoction/maturation (Nuzj) of the morbid matter and good digestion, suggesting recovery.

What features are examined in Baraz (stool) examination in Unani medicine?

Color, consistency, quantity, odour, frequency, presence of undigested food/mucus/blood, and time of evacuation — reflecting the state of digestion and the dominant humour.

What are the broad principles (Usool-e-Ilaj) of treatment in Unani medicine?

Ilaj bil Tadbeer (regimenal therapy), Ilaj bil Ghiza (dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Dawa (pharmacotherapy), and Ilaj bil Yad / Jarahat (surgery). The guiding principle is to restore humoral and temperamental balance.

State the core therapeutic principle 'treatment by opposites' in Unani medicine.

'Ilaj bil Zid' — a disease of a particular temperament is treated by drugs/regimens of the opposite quality (e.g., a hot disease treated with cold remedies, a cold disease with hot remedies).

What are the two key preparatory steps before evacuating morbid humours (Istifragh) in Unani treatment?

1) Nuzj (concoction/maturation) — using Munzij drugs to ripen the morbid humour, and 2) Tanqiya/Istifragh — evacuation of the matured matter using Mushil (purgative) or other evacuant therapy.

List the major Regimenal therapies (Ilaj bil Tadbeer) in Unani medicine.

Fasd (venesection/bloodletting), Hijama (cupping — dry & wet), Dalak (massage), Riyazat (exercise), Hammam (bath), Taleeq (leeching), Kayy (cauterization), Inkebab (steam/vapour bath), Huqna (enema), and Taareeq (diaphoresis/sweating).

Define Fasd and Hijama and distinguish them.

Fasd is venesection — direct opening of a vein to remove blood from the general circulation. Hijama is cupping; Hijama bila shart (dry cupping) without scarification, and Hijama bil shart (wet cupping) with superficial scarification to draw out blood/morbid matter locally.

What is Dalak (massage) and its main types based on intensity in Unani medicine?

Dalak is therapeutic massage. Types: Dalak Sulb (hard — tones/strengthens), Dalak Layyin (soft — relaxes), and Dalak Mutadil (moderate). Also classified by duration (Kaseer/much, Qaleel/little) and roughness.

What is Riyazat and the ideal time to perform it in Unani regimen?

Riyazat is therapeutic/regulated exercise to maintain Hararat-e-Ghariziya, aid evacuation of waste, and tone organs. It is ideally performed after complete digestion of food and evacuation of bowels/bladder (not on a full stomach).

How is Humma (fever) classified in Unani medicine?

Three main types: 1) Humma Yaum (ephemeral fever — affecting the Ruh/pneuma, short-lived), 2) Humma Ufooni (putrefactive/humoral fever — from putrefaction of humours, e.g., intermittent fevers), and 3) Humma Diq (hectic fever — affecting the solid organs/Aaza).

What is Niqras in Unani medicine and which humour is most commonly implicated?

Niqras is gout — a painful arthritic condition typically of the foot/joints. It is commonly caused by accumulation of morbid humours, most often associated with derangement of Sauda (black bile) and/or excess Safra/Dam in the joints.

What is Ziabetus in Unani medicine and its two principal types?

Ziabetus is diabetes/excessive urination. Two types: Ziabetus Shakri (diabetes mellitus — sweet urine) and Ziabetus Saada / insipidus (excessive watery urine without sweetness), classically attributed to weakness (Su-e-Mizaj) of the kidneys.

What does Moalajat refer to as a subject in Unani medicine?

Moalajat is the branch of general medicine dealing with the etiology (Asbab), signs & symptoms (Alamat), diagnosis (Tashkhees), and management/treatment (Ilaj) of internal (non-surgical) diseases of the body systems.

What is Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraz-e-Niswan?

It is the Unani specialty of obstetrics (Ilmul Qabalat — midwifery/care of pregnancy & childbirth) and gynecology (Amraz-e-Niswan — diseases of women, e.g., Ehtebas-e-Tams/amenorrhea, Kasrat-e-Tams/menorrhagia, Sailan-ur-Rahem/leucorrhea).

What is the Unani term for menstruation, and what are 'Ehtebas-e-Tams' and 'Usr-e-Tams'?

Menstruation = Tams (Haiz). Ehtebas-e-Tams = amenorrhea (suppression/retention of menses); Usr-e-Tams = dysmenorrhea (painful/difficult menstruation).

What is Amraz-e-Atfal in Unani medicine?

Amraz-e-Atfal is pediatrics — the branch dealing with the care of the newborn and management of childhood diseases, including feeding (Reza'at/breastfeeding), growth, and common ailments of infants and children.

In Unani specialties, what do Ain, Uzn, Anf wa Halaq refer to?

Ain = eye (ophthalmology), Uzn = ear, Anf = nose, Halaq = throat — together constituting Unani ENT and eye disease management (Amraz-e-Ain wa Uzn wa Anf wa Halaq).

What is Jarahat in Unani medicine?

Jarahat is surgery (Ilm-ul-Jarahat) — the branch dealing with operative/manual treatment (Ilaj bil Yad), wounds, ulcers, abscesses, fractures, and surgical procedures; historically advanced by Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis).

What is Hifzan-e-Sehat in Unani medicine?

Hifzan-e-Sehat is the science of preservation of health / preventive and social medicine — maintaining health and preventing disease by proper regulation of the six essential factors (Asbab-e-Sittah Zarooriya).

Name the foundational physician of Unani medicine and the key author of 'Al-Qanun fil Tibb' (The Canon of Medicine).

Hippocrates (Buqrat) is regarded as the father of Unani medicine and originator of the humoral theory; Ibn Sina (Avicenna) authored 'Al-Qanun fil Tibb' (The Canon of Medicine), a cornerstone Unani text. Galen (Jalinoos) systematized the humoral doctrine.