AIAPGET Ayurveda (BAMS-based Paper) Syllabus

Match each Dhatu with its Upadhatu (subsidiary tissue): Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda.

Rasa → Stanya (breast milk) and Artava (menstrual blood/Rajah); Rakta → Kandara and Sira; Mamsa → Vasa (muscle fat) and Twak (skin/six layers); Meda → Snayu (ligaments).

Name the Mala (waste products) of the three main excretory categories.

Purisha (feces), Mutra (urine), and Sweda (sweat) are the three principal Malas; additionally, secondary malas (kha-mala) include karna-mala, akshi-mala, nasa-mala, etc., produced from dhatu metabolism.

What are the Sapta (seven) types of Prakriti based on Dosha dominance?

Three single (Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja), three dual/dvandvaja (Vata-Pittaja, Pitta-Kaphaja, Vata-Kaphaja), and one balanced (Sama/Tridoshaja, considered the best/Uttama).

What are the two factors that determine Prakriti, and at what stage is it fixed?

Prakriti is determined by Shukra-Shonita Prakriti (constitution of sperm and ovum) along with Kala-garbhashaya (season and uterine condition), Matur Ahara-Vihara (mother's diet/lifestyle), and Mahabhuta Vikara. It is fixed at the time of conception (garbhadhana) and remains constant throughout life.

Name the three types of Manasa Prakriti and their subtypes count.

Sattvika (7 subtypes), Rajasika (6 subtypes), and Tamasika (3 subtypes) — totalling 16 types of Manasa Prakriti per Charaka.

What is Ojas, what are its two types, and what is the quantity of Para Ojas?

Ojas is the essence (sara) of all seven dhatus, the substratum of immunity (Bala/Vyadhikshamatva). Two types: Para Ojas (8 bindus/drops, located in the heart, loss is fatal) and Apara Ojas (half anjali in quantity, distributed in the body).

Name the five subtypes of Prana Vata (the five Vayus / Pancha Vata).

Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana Vayu.

In Indriya Vijnana, name the five Jnanendriyas and their respective Mahabhuta predominance.

Shrotra (ear/Akasha), Twak (skin/Vayu), Chakshu (eye/Agni), Rasana (tongue/Jala), Ghrana (nose/Prithvi).

What modern anatomical structure is correlated with the Ayurvedic 'Dhamani', 'Sira', and 'Srotas' collectively?

Dhamani are correlated with arteries (carrying away/pulsating vessels), Sira with veins (blood-carrying), and Srotas broadly with all channels including ducts, lymphatics, and hollow transport systems.

List the five components of 'Pancha Padartha' used to determine drug action (Dravyaguna).

Rasa (taste), Guna (quality), Virya (potency), Vipaka (post-digestive effect), and Prabhava (specific/inexplicable action).

Name the six Rasas (tastes) and their Mahabhuta composition.

Madhura (Prithvi+Jala), Amla (Prithvi+Agni), Lavana (Jala+Agni), Katu (Agni+Vayu), Tikta (Vayu+Akasha), Kashaya (Prithvi+Vayu).

What are the two types of Virya and three types of Vipaka?

Virya: Ushna (hot) and Shita (cold) — the dominant 2-virya classification. Vipaka (post-digestive taste): Madhura, Amla, and Katu.

What is 'Prabhava' in Dravyaguna, with an example.

Prabhava is the specific, inexplicable action of a dravya that occurs despite identical Rasa, Guna, Virya, and Vipaka. Example: Danti and Chitraka have same properties, but Danti acts as a purgative (virechaka) due to Prabhava; Madanaphala acts as an emetic by Prabhava.

In Rasashastra, what are the eight Maharasas (Ashta Maharasa)?

Abhraka (mica), Vaikranta, Makshika, Vimala, Adrija (Shilajatu), Sasyaka (copper sulphate), Chapala, and Rasaka (zinc ore).

What is Parada (mercury) and what is 'Ashta Samskara' of Parada?

Parada (mercury) is the chief drug (Rasaraja) of Rasashastra. Ashta Samskara are the eight purification/processing steps: Svedana, Mardana, Murchana, Utthapana, Patana, Rodhana, Niyamana, and Sandipana — performed to make mercury fit for therapeutic use.

What is the role of Gandhaka (sulphur) in Rasashastra and the importance of Kajjali?

Gandhaka (sulphur) is the second most important rasa dravya; combined with purified Parada by trituration it forms Kajjali (a fine black sulphide of mercury, free of mercurial luster), the base for many kupipakwa and herbomineral preparations.

Name the Pancha Vidha Kashaya Kalpana (five basic preparations) of Bhaishajya Kalpana.

Swarasa (fresh juice), Kalka (paste), Kwatha/Shrita (decoction), Hima (cold infusion), and Phanta (hot infusion).

State the standard water-to-drug ratios for Kwatha (decoction) preparation for soft, medium, and hard drugs.

Add 4 times water for soft (mridu) drugs, 8 times for medium (madhyama), and 16 times water for hard (kathina) drugs; boil and reduce to one-fourth of the original water.

What is 'Saptkarmaja Pariksha' / pharmacovigilance term ASU and the body regulating Ayurvedic drug standardization in India?

ASU stands for Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani drugs. In India, the Pharmacovigilance Programme for ASU&H drugs (under Ministry of AYUSH) and the Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H) handle standardization; the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) is the official standards reference.

Name the components of Nidana Panchaka (the fivefold diagnostic tool).

Nidana (etiology), Purvarupa (prodromal symptoms), Rupa (manifest signs/symptoms), Upashaya (therapeutic/diagnostic trial response), and Samprapti (pathogenesis).

Name the six stages of Shatkriyakala in order.

Sanchaya (accumulation), Prakopa (aggravation), Prasara (spread), Sthana Samshraya (localization), Vyakti (manifestation), and Bheda (differentiation/complication).

What is Samprapti, and name the five Samprapti Ghatakas (components of pathogenesis).

Samprapti is the process of disease manifestation (pathogenesis). The Samprapti Ghatakas include: Dosha, Dushya (affected tissue), Srotas, Srotodushti (type of channel impairment), Agni, Ama, Adhishthana (site), Udbhava sthana (origin), Sanchara sthana (path of movement), Vyakta sthana, Roga marga, and Rogavastha.

What is Trividha Pariksha (threefold examination of the patient)?

Darshana (inspection/observation), Sparshana (palpation/touch), and Prashna (interrogation).

Name the components of Ashtavidha Pariksha (eightfold examination).

Nadi (pulse), Mutra (urine), Mala (stool), Jihva (tongue), Shabda (voice/sound), Sparsha (touch/skin), Drik (eyes), and Akriti (general body build/appearance).

List the ten factors examined in Dashavidha Pariksha (tenfold patient examination).

Prakriti, Vikriti, Sara, Samhanana, Pramana, Satmya, Sattva, Ahara Shakti, Vyayama Shakti, and Vaya (age).

Which modern lab investigation correlates with diagnosis of Prameha/Madhumeha, and what is the classical urine sign?

Blood glucose and urine sugar (glycosuria) testing correlate; classically Madhumeha (a Vataja Prameha) presents with madhura (sweet) and kashaya urine that attracts ants (pipilika) — correlating with diabetes mellitus.

Classify Jwara (fever) according to Dosha and state the number of types per Charaka.

Charaka describes 8 types of Jwara: 3 nija ekadoshaja (Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja), 3 dvandvaja, 1 sannipataja (all three), and 1 agantuja (external/exogenous).

What is the Samprapti (pathology) basis of Pandu Roga and its closest modern correlation?

Pandu is primarily a Pittaja disorder where vitiated Pitta affects Rakta and Mamsa, leading to paleness, reduced Rakta dhatu and varnya hani; it correlates with anemia. Mridbhakshana janya Pandu (earth-eating) is analogous to iron-deficiency/pica anemia.

What are the two main pillars of Chikitsa Siddhanta, and define each.

Shodhana (purificatory/eliminative therapy that expels aggravated doshas from the body, e.g., Panchakarma) and Shamana (palliative therapy that pacifies doshas in situ without expulsion, e.g., dipana, pachana, fasting).

Name the five procedures of Panchakarma (Charaka's classification).

Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Virechana (purgation), Basti (medicated enema), Nasya (nasal medication), and Raktamokshana (bloodletting). Note: Sushruta replaces Raktamokshana and counts Anuvasana and Asthapana basti separately.

Which Panchakarma is the chief treatment for Vata, Pitta, and Kapha respectively?

Basti (enema) is the chief treatment for Vata, Virechana (purgation) for Pitta, and Vamana (emesis) for Kapha.

What is the principal Chikitsa for Vatavyadhi, and name two key procedures.

Snehana (oleation) and Basti are the mainstay. Key procedures: Anuvasana/Asthapana Basti and Snehana-Swedana, along with internal sneha (medicated ghee/oil); Basti is regarded as 'ardha chikitsa' (half of all treatment) and the prime therapy for Vatavyadhi.

Define Rasayana and Vajikarana and their primary aims.

Rasayana — rejuvenation therapy aimed at promoting longevity, immunity, memory, and optimal dhatu quality (e.g., Chyawanprash). Vajikarana — aphrodisiac/virilization therapy aimed at improving reproductive health, shukra dhatu, and progeny.

Name the three types of Rasayana based on the method of administration.

Kutipraveshika Rasayana (indoor/cottage method, intensive), Vatatapika Rasayana (outdoor method, exposed to sun and wind), and Achara/Naimittika Rasayana (conduct-based or disease-specific rasayana).

Name the three causative factors (Trividha Hetu) of Manasa Roga (mental disorders) and the chief Manasa doshas involved.

Manasa rogas arise from imbalance of Rajas and Tamas (the Manasa doshas). Charaka's Unmada (insanity) and Apasmara (epilepsy) are key disorders; treatment uses Daivavyapashraya (spiritual), Yuktivyapashraya (rational/drugs), and Sattvavajaya (psychotherapy).

What is Agada Tantra, and name the classical types of Visha (poison) classification.

Agada Tantra is the branch of toxicology dealing with poisons and their antidotes. Visha is classified as Sthavara (plant/mineral-origin), Jangama (animal-origin), and Kritrima/Gara (artificial/combination poisons). Sthavara visha has 10 adhishthanas and Jangama visha has 16 adhishthanas (sites).

In Shalya Tantra, what are the broad classifications of Yantra (blunt instruments) per Sushruta, and how many total?

Sushruta describes 101 Yantras in six classes: Svastika (cruciform), Sandamsha (forceps), Tala (picklock), Nadi (tubular), Shalaka (rod/probe), and Upayantra (accessory instruments). The hand (Pani/Hasta) is regarded as the foremost yantra.

How many Shastra (sharp instruments) did Sushruta describe, and name a few key ones.

Sushruta described 20 Shastras (sharp instruments), including Mandalagra, Karapatra (saw), Vriddhipatra, Nakhashastra, Mudrika, Kushapatra, Vetasapatra, and Suchi (needle).

What is Anushastra in Shalya Tantra? Give examples.

Anushastra are para-surgical/substitute (accessory) instruments used in place of sharp instruments. Examples: Kshara (caustic alkali), Agni (cautery/thermal), Jalauka (leech), Nakha (nail), Ksharasutra, and Gojihva leaf.

In Shalakya Tantra, how many Netra Rogas (eye diseases) are described by Sushruta and which structure has the most?

Sushruta describes 76 Netra Rogas. They are classified by site: Sandhigata (9), Vartmagata (eyelid, 21 — the most), Shuklagata (11), Krishnagata (4), Sarvagata (17), Drishtigata (12), and Bahya (2).

What is Timira, Linganasha, and their modern correlation in Shalakya?

Timira is a progressive Drishtigata roga (vision-related) caused by dosha affecting the patalas (layers of the eye); when it advances to total blindness it is called Linganasha (correlated with cataract). The classical surgical treatment is needling/couching of the lens.

In Prasuti Tantra, define Sutika and the standard Sutika Kala (postnatal period).

Sutika is the woman in the postpartum period. The Sutika Kala is generally considered to last 6 weeks (until the uterus returns to normal / until menstruation resumes or 1.5 months), during which special Sutika Paricharya (diet and regimen) restores dhatu balance and promotes lactation.

What are the three stages of Prasava (labour) described in Prasuti Tantra?

The labour process aligns with: first stage (onset of true labour pains / Avi to full dilation), second stage (Garbha nishkramana — expulsion of the fetus), and third stage (Apara/placenta expulsion — Aparapatana).

In Stri Roga, how many Artava Vyapad (menstrual disorders) and Yoni Vyapad are classically described?

Eight Artava Vyapad (menstrual blood disorders) and twenty (Vimshati) Yoni Vyapad (gynecological/vaginal disorders) are classically described.

In Kaumarabhritya, what are the qualities of ideal Stanya (breast milk) and the test for its purity?

Ideal Stanya should have natural color/taste, be cooling, and dissolve completely in water without forming froth, threads, or sediment. The classical test: a drop of pure stanya placed in water mixes uniformly without floating, sinking, or breaking into lines.

What is a 'Ksheerapa' child in Kaumarabhritya, and the three categories of children based on feeding?

Children are classified by feeding/age as: Ksheerapa (milk-fed, infants up to 1 year), Ksheerannada (milk and solid food, 1–2 years), and Annada (solid-food eating, above 2 years). This classification guides dosing and treatment.

In Swasthavritta, name the core components of Dinacharya (daily regimen) in morning order.

Brahma muhurta jagarana (waking before sunrise), Ushajalapana, Malotsarga (evacuation), Dantadhavana, Jihva nirlekhana, Anjana, Nasya, Gandusha/Kavala, Dhumapana, Abhyanga, Vyayama, Udvartana, Snana, followed by ahara and proper conduct.

What is Ritucharya, and which two Kala are grouped under Adana Kala and Visarga Kala?

Ritucharya is the seasonal regimen. The year is divided into Adana Kala (Uttarayana — Shishira, Vasanta, Grishma; sun and wind debilitate strength) and Visarga Kala (Dakshinayana — Varsha, Sharad, Hemanta; moon nourishes and strength increases).

What is Sadvritta in Swasthavritta, and its primary purpose?

Sadvritta is the code of good/ethical conduct (mental, social, and personal discipline) prescribed to maintain mental health, social harmony, and prevent disease — it is a key tool for Manasika swasthya and Achara Rasayana.