YPIP Analytical and General Intelligence Syllabus

In Direction Sense, how do shadows at sunrise and sunset indicate direction?

At sunrise the sun is in the East, so shadows fall toward the West. At sunset the sun is in the West, so shadows fall toward the East. At noon shadows are minimal/overhead.

In 'Statement and Conclusion' questions, what is the core rule for a valid conclusion?

A conclusion is valid only if it definitely and logically follows from the information given in the statement, without assuming outside knowledge. Stick strictly to what the statement says.

Define 'Statement and Assumption' and what an assumption is.

An assumption is something taken for granted or presupposed (an unstated but necessary premise) for the statement to hold true. An assumption is implicit only if the statement cannot stand without it.

What is the key test to decide whether an assumption is 'implicit' in a statement?

Negation test: negate the assumption. If negating it makes the statement illogical or false, the assumption is implicit. If the statement still holds, it is not implicit.

Define a 'Syllogism' in logical reasoning.

A form of deductive reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two given premises (statements) containing categorical terms like 'all', 'some', 'no'. Validity depends only on the premises, not real-world truth.

State the syllogism rule for 'All A are B' regarding its converse.

'All A are B' implies 'Some B are A' (valid converse), but NOT 'All B are A'. Universal affirmative converts only to a particular affirmative.

State the syllogism rule for 'No A are B' and its conversion.

'No A are B' implies 'No B are A' (the negative universal converts fully). It also yields 'Some A are not B' and 'Some B are not A'.

In syllogisms, what can be concluded from 'Some A are B'?

Only 'Some B are A' (valid conversion). You cannot conclude 'All' or 'No'. 'Some A are B' leaves open whether all A are B.

In syllogisms, what is the rule about two particular premises (both containing 'some')?

No definite conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises. At least one premise must be universal ('all' or 'no') to reach a valid conclusion.

In syllogisms, what is a 'complementary pair' (either-or conclusion)?

When neither of two conclusions individually follows but together they exhaust all possibilities (e.g., 'Some A are B' and 'Some A are not B' on the same terms), the 'either...or' option is correct.

Define 'Cause and Effect' reasoning and the relationship being tested.

Determining whether one event (cause) directly produces another (effect). The cause must occur before and bring about the effect; you assess if events are independent, one causes the other, or both stem from a common cause.

In Cause and Effect questions, how do you identify which statement is the cause?

The cause is the earlier, independent event that triggers the other. The effect is the later, dependent result. Test: removing the cause would prevent the effect.

In Seating Arrangement, what is the difference between 'linear' and 'circular' arrangements?

Linear: people sit in a row/line (single or double), having left/right with fixed ends. Circular: people sit around a circle/table, with no ends; directions depend on whether they face the center or outward.

In a circular arrangement where everyone faces the CENTER, how are left and right oriented?

When facing the center, a person's right hand points clockwise direction reversed — specifically right is anticlockwise and left is clockwise from the observer's external view. Always orient from the seated person's own perspective.

In a circular arrangement, how does facing OUTWARD change left/right compared to facing the center?

Facing outward reverses the orientation relative to facing inward: what was a person's left becomes their right and vice versa. Always read directions from each individual's own facing.

What is the first step in solving any Seating Arrangement puzzle?

Identify the type (linear/circular/rectangular), the number of people, and their facing direction. Then fix the most definite clue first and build outward, using a diagram and tracking conditions.

Define 'Ordering and Ranking' problems and the two counting directions.

Arranging people/items by rank, height, marks, etc. Rank from top (1st, 2nd...) and rank from bottom are the two directions; a person can have a position from both ends.

What formula gives the total number of people in a row given a person's rank from both ends?

Total = (rank from top) + (rank from bottom) − 1. The '−1' avoids double-counting the person themselves.

In Ordering and Ranking, if a person is 7th from the top and 12th from the bottom, how many people are there?

Total = 7 + 12 − 1 = 18 people.

Define 'Data Sufficiency' and what such questions ask you to determine.

Data Sufficiency questions give a question plus two (or more) statements and ask whether the statements provide ENOUGH information to answer — not the actual answer itself. You judge sufficiency, not solve fully.

List the standard answer options in a two-statement Data Sufficiency question.

(A) Statement I alone is sufficient; (B) Statement II alone is sufficient; (C) Both together are sufficient but neither alone; (D) Each alone is sufficient; (E) Both together are still not sufficient.

What is the recommended approach to evaluate Data Sufficiency statements?

Evaluate each statement independently first (never combine prematurely). Check if Statement I alone suffices, then Statement II alone, and only if neither alone works, consider them together.

Define 'Logical Grouping' (selection/team formation) problems.

Forming groups, teams, or committees from a set of items/people subject to inclusion/exclusion conditions (e.g., 'A and B cannot be together', 'if C is selected then D must be'). You determine valid combinations satisfying all rules.

In Logical Grouping, how do you handle a conditional rule like 'If P is selected, then Q must be selected'?

Treat it as one-directional: selecting P forces Q. But selecting Q does NOT force P. Its contrapositive holds: if Q is NOT selected, then P cannot be selected.

In Figure Series (non-verbal reasoning), what types of changes should you track between figures?

Rotation (clockwise/anticlockwise by fixed angle), reflection, addition/removal of elements, movement of a dot/line to next position, increase/decrease in number of sides or shading. Track each element separately.

In Figure Series, how is rotation typically measured and predicted?

By a constant angle per step (e.g., 45°, 90°). Determine the rotation direction and angle from the first figures, then apply the same rotation to predict the next figure.

Define a 'Mirror Image' in non-verbal reasoning.

The image formed when an object is reflected in a vertical mirror placed beside it — left and right are interchanged (laterally inverted) while top and bottom stay the same.

Which letters/numbers look the same as their mirror image (vertical mirror)?

Letters symmetric about a vertical axis: A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y. Numbers: 0, 8 (and 1, 3, 8 in some fonts). These remain unchanged in a vertical mirror.

Define a 'Water Image' in non-verbal reasoning and how it differs from a mirror image.

A water image is the reflection seen in water below the object — top and bottom are interchanged (inverted vertically), while left and right stay the same. It is the opposite axis of inversion compared to a mirror image.

Which characters remain unchanged in a water image (horizontal axis reflection)?

Characters symmetric about a horizontal axis: letters C, D, E, H, I, K, O, X, B and numbers 0, 1, 3, 8 look the same in a water image.

Define 'Pattern Completion' in non-verbal reasoning and the method to solve it.

A figure has a missing portion; you select the option that completes the pattern so lines, shapes, and symmetry continue seamlessly. Method: match the cut edges, continue the symmetry, and ensure design elements align with the surrounding pattern.