SNAP Analytical and Logical Reasoning Syllabus

In Blood Relations, what is the meaning of 'A is the only daughter of the father of B's mother'?

The father of B's mother is B's maternal grandfather; his only daughter is B's mother. So A is B's mother (and A is female).

What does a '+' or '×' (or symbolic) notation strategy mean in coded blood-relation puzzles?

Symbols stand for relationships (e.g., '+' = husband, '−' = wife, '×' = brother), and you decode the chain left to right, often using a family-tree diagram with males/females and generation levels marked.

In Blood Relations, who is your 'maternal uncle' versus 'paternal uncle'?

Maternal uncle = your mother's brother. Paternal uncle = your father's brother. (Their wives are your aunts by marriage; your parents' sisters are your maternal/paternal aunts respectively.)

In Direction Sense, what is the relationship between the four cardinal and four ordinal directions on a standard map?

North (up), South (down), East (right), West (left); ordinals are NE, NW, SE, SW at 45° between them. A right turn rotates you 90° clockwise; a left turn 90° anticlockwise.

In Direction Sense, how do you compute the straight-line (shortest) distance after movements forming a right angle?

Use the Pythagorean theorem: shortest distance = √(horizontal displacement² + vertical displacement²), where displacements are net east-west and net north-south distances.

If you face East and take two consecutive left turns, which direction do you now face?

West. (One left turn from East → North; second left turn → West. Two opposite-side turns reverse your direction.)

In Coding-Decoding, what is 'letter-shift' (Caesar) coding and how do you decode it?

Each letter is replaced by another a fixed number of positions away in the alphabet (e.g., +1: A→B). To decode, shift each coded letter back by the same number of positions.

In Coding-Decoding, describe the 'opposite/reverse letter' (atbash) pattern.

Each letter maps to its mirror in the alphabet: A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X, etc. The position from the start equals the partner's position from the end (sum of positions = 27).

What is 'substitution coding' and how does it differ from positional letter coding?

Substitution coding replaces whole words with other words (e.g., 'sky' means 'blue'); you answer using the substituted meanings. It tests word-mapping, not letter/alphabet manipulation.

In Ranking and Order, how do you find the total number of people when given 'A is 7th from left and 12th from right'?

Total = (position from left) + (position from right) − 1 = 7 + 12 − 1 = 18 people.

In Ranking, how do you find a person's position from the other end given total and one position?

Position from the other end = Total + 1 − (given position). E.g., if total = 40 and rank from top = 15, rank from bottom = 40 + 1 − 15 = 26.

In Ranking puzzles, what common mistake does the 'minimum number of persons' phrasing avoid that 'exactly' wording forces?

With 'at least/minimum', overlapping counts may share people (subtract 1 once). With 'exactly', positions cannot overlap, so you add counts directly without subtracting — misapplying the −1 is the classic error.

In Input-Output (machine) sequencing, what does each 'step' represent and what must you find?

Each step shows the arrangement after one pass of a hidden rule applied to the previous step. You must identify the consistent rearrangement logic (e.g., shift largest number to front) to predict any later step or the input.

What are the most common operating logics in Input-Output rearrangement problems?

Arranging words alphabetically and numbers ascending/descending, moving one element per step to a fixed end, or shifting elements based on position; rules are applied one element (or pair) per step consistently.

In Series Completion, what should you check first when a number series is given?

Check the differences between consecutive terms; if constant it is arithmetic, if a fixed ratio it is geometric. Then test second-level differences, alternating patterns, squares/cubes, or prime sequences.

Identify the rule and next term: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ___

Differences are 4, 6, 8, 10 (increasing by 2); next difference 12, so next term = 30 + 12 = 42. (Pattern is n(n+1): 1·2, 2·3, 3·4...)

In a letter series, what tool helps detect the pattern quickly?

Write each letter's alphabetical position number; the series of numbers reveals the arithmetic/skip pattern (e.g., +2, +3, +4) which you then convert back to letters.

In Analogy questions, what is the procedure to solve 'A : B :: C : ?'?

Determine the precise relationship between A and B (e.g., cause-effect, part-whole, synonym, degree), then apply the identical relationship to C to find the matching fourth term.

In Classification ('odd one out'), what defines the correct answer?

Three (or more) items share a common property/category and one does not; the item lacking the shared characteristic is the odd one out. Find the rule that fits all but one.

Name four common relationship types tested in verbal analogies.

Synonym/antonym, part-to-whole, cause-and-effect, worker-and-tool/product, category-and-member, and degree-of-intensity are all standard analogy relationships.

In figure/visual reasoning series, what transformations should you scan for between figures?

Rotation (clockwise/anticlockwise by a fixed angle), reflection/mirroring, addition/removal of elements, change in size/shading, and movement of an element to a new position by a fixed step.

In a mirror-image figure problem, how does a vertical mirror (placed on the right/left) transform the figure?

It reverses the figure left-to-right; left becomes right and vice versa, while top and bottom stay unchanged. (A horizontal mirror flips top-bottom instead.)

What is the formula for the angle between the hour and minute hands of a clock at H hours and M minutes?

Angle = |30·H − 5.5·M| degrees. The minute hand moves 6°/min and the hour hand 0.5°/min, so they separate at 5.5° per minute.

How often, and after how many minutes, do the hands of a clock coincide (overlap)?

They coincide 11 times every 12 hours, i.e., every 12/11 hours = 65 5/11 minutes ≈ 65.45 minutes.

What is the odd-days rule for finding the day of the week for a given date?

Count total days from a reference date and take the remainder when divided by 7 ('odd days'); each remainder maps to a weekday. A normal year has 1 odd day, a leap year has 2.

State the leap-year rule used in calendar problems.

A year is a leap year if divisible by 4, EXCEPT century years, which must be divisible by 400. So 2000 is a leap year but 1900 is not.

In Critical Reasoning, what is the difference between a 'strengthen' and a 'weaken' question?

Strengthen: pick the option that adds support making the conclusion more likely (often confirms an assumption). Weaken: pick the option that undermines the conclusion or breaks a key assumption, making it less likely.

In Critical Reasoning, how do you identify the conclusion of an argument?

The conclusion is the main claim the argument is trying to prove — often signalled by 'therefore', 'thus', 'hence', 'so'; everything else (premises) is offered as support for it.

In Decision Making problems, how should a candidate evaluate the given courses of action against eligibility criteria?

Check each criterion strictly against the case facts; satisfy all 'must' conditions, apply any relaxation/referral clauses only when explicitly allowed, and select/reject/refer accordingly rather than using personal judgment.

In Binary Logic / Truth-Teller puzzles, what is the standard solving method when each person is either a truth-teller or a liar?

Assume one person's type (truth or lie), trace all statements for consistency; a contradiction means the assumption is wrong, so flip it. The assignment with zero contradictions is the unique solution.

In a truth-teller puzzle, what can you infer if person A says 'B is a liar' and B says 'A and I are of the same type'?

B's claim is self-defeating for a liar (a liar saying 'we are the same' would make it true), so B must be a liar; then A's statement 'B is a liar' is true, making A a truth-teller.