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NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment Syllabus
The Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment syllabus for NUMS Entry Test in full: 4 chapters and 10 topics, every one listed below, plus 50 Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment flashcards with answers.
Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment syllabus: all 4 chapters
Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics.
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Logical Deduction
3 topics- Syllogisms
- Statements and conclusions
- Cause and effect
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Pattern Recognition
2 topics- Series completion
- Analogy and classification
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Critical Thinking
2 topics- Assumptions and arguments
- Problem solving
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Analytical Reasoning
3 topics- Seating arrangements and ordering
- Coding and decoding
- Data interpretation
NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment flashcards — 50 questions with answers
What is a syllogism in logical reasoning?
A syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises (statements) and a conclusion, where the conclusion logically follows from the premises if it is valid.
In syllogisms, what do the four standard categorical statement types A, E, I, and O represent?
A = Universal Affirmative (All S are P); E = Universal Negative (No S is P); I = Particular Affirmative (Some S are P); O = Particular Negative (Some S are not P).
What is the rule about deriving a definite conclusion from two particular premises in a syllogism?
No definite conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises (e.g., 'Some...' and 'Some...'); at least one premise must be universal.
In syllogisms, what conclusion can follow from two negative premises?
No valid conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises; at least one premise must be affirmative.
What is the 'middle term' in a syllogism and what is its role?
The middle term is the term common to both premises but absent from the conclusion; it links the two premises and must be distributed at least once for a valid conclusion.
In syllogism, if both premises are affirmative, what must the conclusion be?
If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative (it cannot be negative).
What does it mean that a syllogistic conclusion follows by 'immediate inference' (conversion)?
Conversion produces a valid inference by interchanging subject and predicate: 'Some S are P' converts to 'Some P are S', and 'No S is P' converts to 'No P is S'; 'All S are P' converts only to 'Some P are S'.
What is a 'statement and conclusion' question in logical reasoning?
A question giving one or more statements assumed to be true, followed by conclusions; the task is to decide which conclusion(s) logically and definitely follow from the given statements.
In 'statements and conclusions', what is the key rule for accepting a conclusion?
A conclusion must follow strictly and necessarily from the given statement(s); it cannot rely on outside knowledge, assumptions, or probability.
What is the difference between a 'conclusion' and an 'inference' in logical reasoning?
A conclusion is a judgment that directly and definitely follows from the stated facts, while an inference is a logical guess derived from the facts that is likely but not always explicitly stated.
What is the relationship called when two conclusions are such that one must be true if the other is false (and vice versa)?
Either-or relationship (complementary pair); it occurs when conclusions share the same subject and predicate but differ as one positive and one negative, together covering all possibilities.
What is meant by 'cause and effect' reasoning?
It is the relationship where one event (cause) directly produces or brings about another event (effect); the cause precedes and is responsible for the effect.
In cause-and-effect questions, what distinguishes the 'cause' from the 'effect'?
The cause is the event that occurs first and leads to the result; the effect is the event that occurs later as a consequence of the cause.
What is an 'independent cause' in cause-and-effect analysis?
An independent cause is an event that occurs on its own, not as a result of any other event mentioned, and may itself produce an effect.
What is the difference between correlation and causation in cause-and-effect reasoning?
Correlation means two events occur together or are related, while causation means one event actually produces the other; correlation does not prove causation.
What is a 'common cause' situation in cause-and-effect questions?
A situation where both stated events are independent effects produced by some third, common underlying cause rather than one causing the other.
What is a number/letter 'series completion' problem?
A problem giving a sequence following a hidden pattern (arithmetic, geometric, alternating, etc.), where the task is to identify the rule and find the missing or next term.
In series completion, what defines an arithmetic series and how is its next term found?
An arithmetic series has a constant common difference between consecutive terms; the next term is found by adding that common difference to the last term.
In series completion, what defines a geometric series?
A geometric series has a constant common ratio between consecutive terms; each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by that fixed ratio.
What is an alternating (mixed) series in series completion?
A series formed by two or more interwoven patterns, where alternate terms follow separate rules (e.g., odd-position terms increase by one rule, even-position terms by another).
Show the other 30 Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment flashcards
In letter series, how are positions of English alphabet letters typically used to find patterns?
Each letter is assigned its position number (A=1, B=2, ... Z=26), and patterns are found by analyzing differences or jumps between those position values.
What is an 'analogy' in logical reasoning?
An analogy is a relationship of similarity between two pairs of items; the task is to identify the relationship in the given pair and apply the same relationship to complete another pair (A:B :: C:?).
Name four common types of relationships used in analogy questions.
Common analogy relationships include: synonym/antonym, part-to-whole, cause-and-effect, worker-and-tool, object-and-function, and category-and-member.
What is 'classification' (odd-one-out) in logical reasoning?
Classification requires grouping items by a common property and identifying the one item that does not share that property, i.e., the odd one out.
What is the key first step in solving both analogy and classification questions?
Identify the common relationship or shared characteristic among the items, then apply or test it consistently across all options.
What is an 'assumption' in the context of arguments?
An assumption is something taken for granted or presupposed in a statement; it is an unstated idea that must be true for the statement or argument to hold.
What is the standard test to check whether a statement is an assumption?
The negation test: if negating (denying) the proposed assumption makes the original statement collapse or invalid, then it is a valid assumption.
In logical reasoning, what makes an argument 'strong' versus 'weak'?
A strong argument is directly related to the question, logically sound, and based on facts/real consequences; a weak argument is irrelevant, trivial, ambiguous, or based on superficial assumptions.
What is the difference between an assumption and an inference in argument analysis?
An assumption is something presupposed before/underlying a statement (unstated premise), while an inference is a conclusion drawn after/from the given information.
In 'course of action' questions, what is a course of action?
A course of action is a practical step or administrative decision proposed to solve a problem or improve a situation given in the statement; it should follow logically and be feasible.
What is the general systematic approach to solving logical problem-solving questions?
Read the problem fully, identify the given data and what is asked, organize information (tables/diagrams), apply logical rules step by step, and verify the answer against all conditions.
In problem solving, what is the technique of using a grid/matrix useful for?
A grid or matrix helps solve logic puzzles involving multiple categories (e.g., people, jobs, colors) by marking possible and impossible combinations to eliminate options.
What is a 'blood relation' problem in logical reasoning?
A problem describing family relationships through statements or pointing clues, where the task is to determine how two individuals are related (e.g., uncle, niece, cousin).
In blood relations, how is the statement 'pointing to a man, she said he is my mother's only son's son' interpreted?
Mother's only son = the speaker's brother (or the speaker himself if male); his son is therefore the speaker's nephew, making the man the speaker's nephew.
What are the two main types of seating arrangement problems?
Linear arrangement (people seated in a row/line) and circular arrangement (people seated around a circle/table); circular ones may face the center or outward.
In a circular seating arrangement where all persons face the center, how do left and right appear to an observer?
When all face the center, a person's right is the observer's anticlockwise direction and a person's left is the clockwise direction (i.e., left/right are reversed relative to the page).
In linear arrangements, what does 'immediate neighbor' versus 'between' mean?
An immediate neighbor sits directly adjacent (next) to a person, while 'between' two people means positioned anywhere in the gap separating them, not necessarily adjacent.
What is an 'ordering/ranking' problem in logical reasoning?
A problem giving comparative clues (taller, older, faster, etc.) to arrange people or objects in a sequence or rank from highest to lowest.
In ranking problems, if a person is 'nth from the top' and 'mth from the bottom', how is the total number found?
Total number = (n + m) - 1, since the person is counted once in both directions.
What is 'coding and decoding' in logical reasoning?
Coding and decoding involves encrypting a word/message using a defined rule (letter shifts, substitutions, numbers, symbols) and then applying or reversing that rule to decode new items.
What is 'letter-shifting coding' and give its principle?
In letter-shifting coding, each letter is replaced by another a fixed number of positions ahead or behind in the alphabet (e.g., +1 turns A→B, B→C); decoding reverses the shift.
What is 'substitution coding'?
Substitution coding replaces words or items with other arbitrary words/symbols according to a fixed key; the meaning is decoded by mapping the substitutes back to originals.
In number-letter coding, how do you typically find the code for a letter?
Assign each letter its alphabetical position (A=1...Z=26) or a positionally reversed value (A=26...Z=1), then apply the given arithmetic operation to obtain the code.
What is the reverse alphabet value of a letter and how is it calculated?
The reverse (opposite) value is found by subtracting the letter's forward position from 27 (e.g., A=27-1=26, Z=27-26=1); A↔Z, B↔Y, etc.
What is 'data interpretation' in logical/analytical reasoning?
Data interpretation is the skill of reading, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data presented in tables, bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, or other formats to answer questions.
In a pie chart, how is the value represented by a sector calculated, and what is the total?
The whole pie represents 360 degrees (or 100%); a sector's value = (sector angle / 360) x total, or (sector percentage / 100) x total.
What is the formula for percentage change between two data values?
Percentage change = ((New value - Old value) / Old value) x 100; a positive result is an increase, a negative result a decrease.
In data interpretation, how is the average (mean) of a data set calculated?
Average = Sum of all values / Number of values.
What is the difference between a bar graph and a line graph in data interpretation?
A bar graph uses rectangular bars to compare discrete quantities across categories, while a line graph connects data points to show trends or changes over a continuous variable such as time.
What is the purpose of psychological assessment in an entry-test context?
Psychological assessment evaluates a candidate's reasoning, decision-making, emotional stability, ethics, and aptitude/personality traits to judge suitability for the medical profession, rather than testing factual knowledge.
NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment FAQ
What is in the NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment syllabus?
NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment is split into 4 chapters: Logical Deduction, Pattern Recognition, Critical Thinking and Analytical Reasoning. Together they contain 10 topics.
How many chapters are in NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment?
4 chapters, containing 10 topics. The largest chapter is Logical Deduction, with 3 topics.
Are there flashcards for NUMS Entry Test Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment?
Yes — a 50-card Logical Reasoning and Psychological Assessment deck, printed in full in the flashcards section of this page and available in the Examius app with spaced repetition. The free plan covers one exam of your choice, including its flashcards; Examius Pro, a one-time purchase, unlocks every other exam and deck.