ENEM Languages and Codes Syllabus

In English, how are the first, second, and third conditionals distinguished?

First conditional (real future): If + present, will + verb. Second (unreal present/future): If + past, would + verb. Third (unreal past): If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

What is a 'false cognate' (false friend) in English for Portuguese speakers? Give an example.

A false cognate is a word that looks similar in two languages but has a different meaning. Example: 'actually' means 'na verdade' (not 'atualmente'), and 'pretend' means 'fingir' (not 'pretender').

In Spanish, what are the singular personal subject pronouns?

Yo (I), tú/vos (informal you), usted (formal you), él (he), and ella (she). 'Usted' takes third-person verb conjugation despite meaning 'you'.

What is 'apócope' in Spanish grammar? Give an example.

Apócope is the dropping of the final sound/letters of a word before certain nouns. Example: 'bueno' becomes 'buen' before a masculine singular noun ('buen día'), and 'grande' becomes 'gran' ('gran ciudad').

What are the main Spanish 'heterosemánticos' (false friends) and give one example?

Heterosemánticos are words spelled similarly to Portuguese but with different meanings. Example: 'exquisito' means 'delicioso/refinado' (not 'estranho'), and 'embarazada' means 'grávida' (not 'envergonhada').

In Spanish, when do you use 'ser' versus 'estar'?

'Ser' expresses permanent or defining characteristics, identity, origin, and time ('Soy médico'). 'Estar' expresses temporary states, location, and ongoing conditions ('Estoy cansado', 'Estoy en casa').

In visual arts, what are the three primary colors in the traditional (subtractive/pigment) model?

The traditional pigment primary colors are red (vermelho), yellow (amarelo), and blue (azul). Mixing them produces secondary colors: orange, green, and violet.

What is the difference between the RGB and CMYK color systems?

RGB (red, green, blue) is additive, used for screens/light, where combining all gives white. CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) is subtractive, used in printing, where combining pigments approaches black.

Define the visual arts concept of 'ponto de fuga' (vanishing point).

The vanishing point is the point on the horizon line in linear perspective where parallel lines appear to converge, creating the illusion of depth and three-dimensionality on a flat surface.

What was the Brazilian 'Semana de Arte Moderna' of 1922 and who were key visual artists?

It was a landmark event in São Paulo introducing modernist art in Brazil, breaking with academicism. Key visual artists included Anita Malfatti, Tarsila do Amaral, and Di Cavalcanti.

In music, what are the seven natural musical notes and their basic pitch order?

The seven natural notes are dó, ré, mi, fá, sol, lá, si (C, D, E, F, G, A, B), ascending in pitch and repeating in octaves.

What are the main elements (properties) of a musical sound?

Altura (pitch: high/low), intensidade (loudness/dynamics), duração (length of the note), and timbre (the characteristic 'color' that distinguishes instruments/voices).

What is the difference between melody, harmony, and rhythm?

Melody is a horizontal succession of notes forming a tune; harmony is the vertical combination of simultaneous notes forming chords; rhythm is the organization of sounds and silences in time through duration and accents.

In theater, what are the three classical genres described by Aristotle and tradition?

Tragédia (tragedy: serious, elevated, ending in catharsis), comédia (comedy: humorous, everyday characters), and later drama (mixing tragic and comic elements). Aristotle's 'Poética' theorized tragedy.

What is the theatrical concept of 'catarse' (catharsis) according to Aristotle?

Catharsis is the purification or emotional purging the audience experiences through pity and fear while watching a tragedy, allowing a release and moral/emotional cleansing.

What is the difference between 'teatro épico' (Brecht) and Aristotelian dramatic theater?

Aristotelian theater seeks emotional identification and catharsis (immersion). Brecht's epic theater uses the 'distanciamento' (Verfremdungseffekt) to keep the audience critical and rational, exposing the play as artifice to provoke reflection.

In dance, what are the two broad classifications by function/context often studied?

Danças eruditas/cênicas (artistic/stage dances like ballet and contemporary) and danças populares/folclóricas (folk and popular dances like frevo, samba, catira), which express cultural identity and tradition.

Name three traditional Brazilian folk dances and their region of origin.

Frevo (Pernambuco/Northeast), Bumba meu boi (Maranhão/North-Northeast), and Catira or Cateretê (Center-West/Southeast rural areas). Samba de roda (Bahia) is another example.

In physical education, what is the difference between individual and collective (team) sports? Give examples.

Individual sports are practiced alone against opponents or the clock (swimming, athletics, tennis singles). Collective sports require coordinated teams (football, volleyball, basketball, handball).

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise?

Aerobic exercise uses oxygen for sustained, moderate, long-duration activity (running, cycling) improving cardiovascular endurance. Anaerobic exercise is short and intense, using energy stored in muscles without relying on oxygen (sprinting, weightlifting).

In health and wellness, what are the macronutrients and their primary functions?

Carbohydrates (main energy source), proteins (tissue building and repair), and lipids/fats (energy storage, cell membranes, vitamin absorption). Micronutrients (vitamins/minerals) are needed in smaller amounts.

What is BMI (Índice de Massa Corporal) and how is it calculated?

BMI estimates whether body weight is healthy relative to height. It is calculated as $IMC = \frac{massa}{altura^{2}}$, with mass in kilograms and height in meters; a value between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered normal.

In body awareness (consciência corporal), what is 'esquema corporal' (body schema)?

Body schema is the mental representation and perception one has of one's own body, its parts, position, and movement in space, essential for coordination, posture, and spatial orientation.

What is the difference between 'lateralidade' and 'equilíbrio' in motor development?

Lateralidade is the preferential use and awareness of one side of the body (e.g., dominant hand) and left-right distinction. Equilíbrio is the ability to maintain a stable body position, either static (still) or dynamic (in movement).

In basic computing concepts, what is the difference between hardware and software?

Hardware is the physical, tangible components of a computer (CPU, memory, keyboard, monitor). Software is the set of programs and instructions (operating systems, applications) that tell the hardware what to do.

What is the difference between RAM memory and storage (HD/SSD)?

RAM (memória RAM) is volatile, fast working memory that loses data when powered off, used for running programs. Storage (HD/SSD) is non-volatile, keeping data (files, OS) permanently even without power.

In internet concepts, what is the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW)?

The Internet is the global physical network of interconnected computers. The World Wide Web is a service that runs on the Internet, a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via browsers using HTTP.

What does a URL contain and what is the role of a browser?

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web address identifying a resource, e.g., protocol (https), domain, and path. A browser (navegador) is the software that requests, retrieves, and displays web pages (Chrome, Firefox, Edge).

In office software, what is the primary purpose of a spreadsheet program like Excel/Calc, and what symbol begins a formula?

Spreadsheet software organizes data in rows and columns for calculations, tables, and charts. Every formula begins with the equals sign (=), for example $=SOMA(A1{:}A10)$ to total a range of cells.

What is the difference between a word processor and a presentation program in an office suite?

A word processor (Word/Writer) creates and formats text documents (letters, reports). A presentation program (PowerPoint/Impress) builds slide-based visual presentations with text, images, and transitions for audiences.