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Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning Syllabus
The Analytical Reasoning syllabus for Air University Entry Test in full: 5 chapters and 18 topics, every one listed below, plus 52 Analytical Reasoning flashcards with answers.
Analytical Reasoning syllabus: all 5 chapters
Expand any chapter to see its topics and sub-topics.
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Logical Deduction
4 topics- Syllogisms
- Statement and conclusion
- Statement and assumption
- Cause and effect
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Scenario-Based Reasoning
4 topics- Seating arrangements
- Ranking and ordering
- Grouping and selection
- Conditional scenarios
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Verbal Logic
4 topics- Blood relations
- Direction sense
- Coding and decoding
- Logical analogies
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Pattern and Series
3 topics- Number series
- Letter and symbol series
- Figure series
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Critical Reasoning
3 topics- Strengthening and weakening arguments
- Drawing inferences
- Identifying flaws
Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning flashcards — 52 questions with answers
What is a syllogism in logical reasoning?
A form of deductive reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two given premises (statements). The conclusion must logically follow only from the information stated in the premises.
In syllogisms, what is the difference between a 'definite' conclusion and a 'possible' conclusion?
A definite conclusion necessarily follows from the premises in all cases; a possible conclusion may or may not follow. Only definitely-true conclusions are accepted as valid.
In syllogism Venn diagrams, what does the statement 'All A are B' mean?
Circle A lies entirely inside circle B. Every A is a B, but some B may not be A.
In syllogisms, what does 'Some A are B' imply about 'Some A are not B'?
'Some A are B' does NOT guarantee 'Some A are not B'. The two are possibilities, not certainties, so neither can be definitely concluded from the other alone.
What is the rule about a conclusion from two particular (Some) premises in syllogisms?
No definite conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises (e.g., 'Some A are B' + 'Some B are C'). At least one universal premise is needed for a valid universal-type conclusion.
What is the rule about two negative premises in syllogisms?
No definite conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises (e.g., 'No A are B' + 'No B are C').
In syllogisms, from 'All A are B' and 'All B are C', what definite conclusion follows?
All A are C (and consequently Some C are A, Some A are C). Universal affirmative chains transitively.
What is a complementary pair (either-or) in syllogisms?
When two conclusions individually are not definite but together exhaust all possibilities (e.g., 'Some A are B' and 'Some A are not B'), the 'Either I or II follows' rule applies.
In 'Statement and Conclusion' questions, what is the core task?
To decide whether a given conclusion logically and necessarily follows from the information in the statement, using only that statement and no outside knowledge.
In 'Statement and Conclusion', why must a valid conclusion not contain extra/new information?
A conclusion must be directly derivable from the statement. If it introduces information not implied by the statement, it does not follow.
What distinguishes a 'conclusion' from an 'inference' in logical reasoning?
A conclusion is a fact that directly and necessarily follows from the statement; an inference is a probable judgment drawn from given facts that goes a step beyond what is explicitly stated.
What is an 'assumption' in 'Statement and Assumption' questions?
Something the speaker/writer takes for granted but does not state explicitly; an unstated premise that must be true for the statement to make sense.
What is the key test to decide if an assumption is implicit in a statement?
Ask whether the statement would still hold if the assumption were removed/false. If the statement collapses without it, the assumption is implicit (valid).
In 'Statement and Assumption', why are assumptions that are too obvious, universally known, or already stated usually invalid?
An implicit assumption must be unstated and specifically presupposed by the statement; universally known facts or restatements of the statement are not hidden assumptions.
In assumption questions, why is a negative/contradicting idea generally NOT an implicit assumption?
An assumption supports and underlies the statement. An idea that contradicts or opposes the statement cannot be something the speaker took for granted.
What is the definition of a cause-and-effect relationship?
A relationship where one event (the cause) directly produces or brings about another event (the effect); the cause precedes the effect in time.
In Cause and Effect questions, what does it mean if 'both statements are effects of a common cause'?
Neither statement causes the other; instead, a third, independent factor produces both observed events.
In Cause and Effect, how do you identify which event is the cause and which is the effect?
The cause occurs first (the trigger/reason); the effect occurs later as the result. The effect cannot precede its cause.
What is the difference between an 'immediate cause' and a 'principal/remote cause'?
An immediate cause is the direct, nearest trigger of an effect; a principal or remote cause is the underlying root reason that operates through intermediate steps.
In a linear seating arrangement, what extra information is essential to fix absolute positions?
The direction the people face (all facing the same way, e.g., north) and a reference point (such as an end or a specific person's seat), since left/right depend on facing direction.
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In a seating arrangement where people face the centre of a circle, how are their left and right oriented?
For a person facing the centre, their left and right are opposite to the observer's; clockwise corresponds to a person's right-to-left for inward-facing people.
In a circular seating arrangement of n people facing the centre, how many people sit between two persons sitting opposite each other on each side?
(n/2) − 1 people on each side (valid only when n is even). For example, with 8 people, 3 sit between two opposite persons on each side.
In circular arrangements, what is the difference when people face outward versus toward the centre?
When facing outward, clockwise direction becomes a person's left-to-right (reversed from inward-facing); left/right references flip compared to facing the centre.
In seating-arrangement problems, what does 'immediate neighbour' versus 'between' clue typically constrain?
'Immediate neighbour' fixes adjacency (next seat); 'between' indicates a person sits somewhere amid two others, not necessarily adjacent—read carefully for 'exactly between'.
What is the basic approach to Ranking and Ordering problems?
Translate rank-from-top and rank-from-bottom clues onto a single line, then use the total formula to find positions, total people, or relative order.
Formula: If a person's rank is r-th from the top and s-th from the bottom in a row, what is the total number of people?
Total = r + s − 1.
In ranking, if there are N people and a person is r-th from the top, what is their rank from the bottom?
Rank from bottom = N − r + 1.
In a row of N people, if positions of two people are r-th from left and s-th from right and they do not overlap, how many people are between them?
Number between = N − (r + s) when r + s < N; equals N − r − s.
What is the key concept in Grouping and Selection (selection-based) problems?
Forming valid teams/groups by satisfying a set of conditions—rules stating which items must be together, which cannot be together, and which depend on others' inclusion.
In Grouping/Selection, what is a 'conditional inclusion' rule, and how is it applied?
A rule like 'If X is selected, Y must be selected.' Its contrapositive ('If Y is not selected, X is not selected') is also valid and often used to eliminate options.
In Grouping and Selection, how do you handle a 'mutually exclusive' pair?
A mutually exclusive pair (X and Y cannot both be chosen) means any valid group contains at most one of them; both being present makes the group invalid.
What is the contrapositive of the conditional statement 'If P then Q'?
'If not Q then not P.' The contrapositive is logically equivalent to the original conditional and always shares its truth value.
In conditional scenario logic, distinguish the converse and inverse of 'If P then Q'.
Converse: 'If Q then P.' Inverse: 'If not P then not Q.' Neither is logically equivalent to the original statement (though converse and inverse are equivalent to each other).
In conditional reasoning, what is 'modus ponens'?
A valid inference: given 'If P then Q' and P is true, conclude Q is true.
In conditional reasoning, what is 'modus tollens'?
A valid inference: given 'If P then Q' and Q is false (not Q), conclude P is false (not P).
In conditional logic, what is the fallacy of 'affirming the consequent'?
Invalidly concluding P from 'If P then Q' and Q being true. Q being true does not guarantee P, so this reasoning is a fallacy.
In Blood Relations, what relation is 'my father's only son' to me (if I am male)?
He is myself. 'My father's only son' refers to the speaker himself.
In Blood Relations, who is the 'son of my mother's brother' to me?
My maternal cousin (cousin). My mother's brother is my maternal uncle, so his son is my cousin.
In Blood Relations, what is the relationship of 'my father's sister' to me?
She is my paternal aunt (phupho/aunt).
In Blood Relations, what does 'my mother's sister's husband' equal?
My uncle (maternal aunt's husband).
In Blood Relations puzzles, what does a '+' for male and '−' for female (or similar symbol coding) require you to track first?
The gender of each person and each generational link, so relationships (parent/child, sibling, spouse) are assigned correctly before naming the final relation.
In Blood Relations, who is the 'brother of my grandfather' to me?
My grand-uncle (great-uncle).
In Direction Sense, starting facing North and turning right, which direction do you now face? And turning left from North?
Turning right from North faces East; turning left from North faces West.
In Direction Sense, what is the formula to find the shortest (straight-line) distance between start and end points after perpendicular movements?
Pythagoras theorem: shortest distance = √(net horizontal displacement² + net vertical displacement²).
In Direction Sense, if you walk North then East then South, in which compound direction is your endpoint relative to start (assuming distances net positive)?
North-East (if net vertical is North) or South-East depending on net displacement; combine net horizontal (East) and net vertical components.
In Direction Sense, what happens to your facing direction after turning 180 degrees while facing East?
You face West. A 180-degree turn reverses your direction (East↔West, North↔South).
In Coding-Decoding, what is 'letter-shift (Caesar) coding'?
Each letter of a word is replaced by another letter a fixed number of positions ahead or behind in the alphabet (e.g., +1: CAT → DBU).
In Coding-Decoding, what is the position value of letters A, M, N, and Z in the alphabet?
A = 1, M = 13, N = 14, Z = 26.
In Coding-Decoding, what is the 'opposite letter' (EJUSDEM/complement) rule, and what is the complement of a letter at position n?
Each letter is replaced by its mirror from the other end; complement position = 27 − n (A↔Z, B↔Y, M↔N).
In Coding-Decoding, what is 'substitution coding'?
Real words are assigned arbitrary code words (e.g., 'sky' = 'blue'); you decode by matching common code words across multiple given sentences to deduce each word's code.
What is a logical analogy, and what must you identify to solve it?
A relationship A:B :: C:D where the relationship between the first pair must hold identically for the second pair; identify the exact relation (e.g., part-whole, cause-effect, synonym) and apply it.
List four common relationship types used in logical/verbal analogies.
Synonym/antonym, part-to-whole, cause-and-effect, worker-to-tool (or worker-to-product), and category/classification relationships.
Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning FAQ
What is in the Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning syllabus?
Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning is split into 5 chapters: Logical Deduction, Scenario-Based Reasoning, Verbal Logic, Pattern and Series and Critical Reasoning. Together they contain 18 topics.
How many chapters are in Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning?
5 chapters, containing 18 topics. The largest chapter is Logical Deduction, with 4 topics.
Are there flashcards for Air University Entry Test Analytical Reasoning?
Yes — a 52-card Analytical Reasoning deck, printed in full in the flashcards section of this page and available in the Examius app with spaced repetition. The free plan covers one exam of your choice, including its flashcards; Examius Pro, a one-time purchase, unlocks every other exam and deck.